American Depository Receipts And Global Depository Receipts Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3472 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Trade and commerce has been an important aspect of globalization. Since the 19th century, when the colonial era was at its peak, foreign markets were the reason for colonial wars since the importance of foreign markets were realized. However, towards the end of the colonial era, when newly independent countries began to build their economies from scratch they started clamping down on foreign investment and only decades later, slowly began to open up their markets after centuries of exploitation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Depository Receipts And Global Depository Receipts Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Corporate entities, in order to ensure larger capital started looking for foreign investors. For an investor, investing in a foreign corporation would mean unnecessary hassle since it would include going through a lot of technical procedures. In order to solve the problems of both the investors and corporations seeking foreign investment, the concepts of American depository receipts and global depository receipts were introduced. Introduced to the financial markets in 1927, an American Depository Receipt (ADR) is a stock that trades in the United States but represents a specified number of shares in a foreign corporation. ADRs are bought and sold on American markets just like regular stocks, and are issued/sponsored in the U.S. by a bank or brokerage.  [1]  The ADR price is set to suit the American market, where the face value of share prices is typically higher perhaps $20-100 or more. At these levels, each ADR usually represents several foreign shares, rather than just o ne.  [2] In order to ensure that investors from different countries and not one country alone may invest in a corporate entity, it was essential to make available such stocks on an international level. A Global depository receipt (GDR) is when [a] bank certificate issued in more than one country for shares in a foreign company. The shares are held by a foreign branch of an international branch. The shares trade as domestic shares, but are offered for sale globally through the various bank branches  [3]  . Indian companies are permitted to raise equity capital in the international market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt. GDRs are designated in dollars and are not subject to any upper limit on investment.  [4] Such machinery came to be used in India much later and was introduced first in the 1990s. This system was brought about by the liberalization process of the economy which started during that time. The use of ADRs and GDRs has steadily gained popularit y in India with corporations looking towards global markets and attracting foreign investments. Numerous Indian software companies have taken advantage of these schemes  [5]  and a multitude of other schemes specifically related to information technology companies have been brought about to encourage the issuance of ADRs and GDRs by such companies. In just a few decades, India will be one of the largest economies in the world. To reach that point, companies in India will have to invest colossal sums in developing their businesses. The use of American Depository Receipts and Global Depository Receipts have become commonplace and in India they are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. The use of ADRs and GDRs has simplified the process of investing in a foreign corporation making stock trading in international companies as simple as investing in a domestic company The paper shall explain the concept of ADRs and GDRS and the highlight their importance to th e Indian economy with the help of corporate examples. It is essential to regulate such liberalized mechanisms and therefore, the researcher shall look into the SEBI schemes, rules and guidelines and also the RBI circulars. CHAPTER I AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS IN INDIA American depository receipts are basically stocks of companies located outside of the US that are traded on US stock exchanges.  [6]  Although the concept appears to be rather unidimensional, there arise several complications in the regulation and trading of such stock. ADRs were introduced as a result of the complexities involved in buying shares in foreign countries. Primarily the difficulties associated with trading at different prices and currency values. For this reason, U.S. banks simply purchase a bulk lot of shares from the company, bundle the shares into groups, and reissues them on either the NYSE, AMEX, or Nasdaq.  [7]  The concept of American and global depository receipts were introduced and permitted in India through the Central Government scheme, the Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme, 1993  [8]  . This scheme has laid down definitions, rules and procedures with regard to ADRs and GDRs. This scheme was deemed to have come into effect from the first day of April, 1992. 1.1: ELIGIBILITY CRITERION FOR ISSUING ADRs In order to understand the concepts and the working of the ADR system, it is essential to know certain definitions connected with the procedures of this system. ADRs are traded by depositories through a certain regulation. A depository means a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) and which has been granted a certificate of registration under sub-section (1A) of section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992).  [9]  However, in order to be able to issue both ADRs and GDRs, registration with the Securities and Exchange Board of India  [10]  is not sufficient. Under the FCCB Scheme, 1993, a company eligible to issue ADRs and GDRs are known as an issuing company. An issuing company means an Indian company permitted to issue Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds  [11]  or ordinary shares of that company against Global Depository Receipts  [12]  in order to be eligible to issue Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds  [13]  or ordinary shares for the purposes of raising foreign funds, an issuing company require to obtain prior permission of the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.  [14]  These issues need to conform to the rules regarding Foreign Direct Investment and the related policies and other mandatory statutory provisions.  [15] 1.2: REGULATION OF ADRs IN USA In the United States of America, ADRs are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, (functioning under the Internal Revenue Services) through rules and other regulations. An ADR certificate is traded as stock and represents the underlying foreign shares, which can be obtained upon demand. The holder of an ADR is entitled to demand delivery of the underlying shares. The American bank converts dividends, interest, and principal from the foreign security into United States dollars. Once issued, an ADR certificate may be freely traded in United States dollars in the United States on the over-the-counter market. If certain SEC filings are made, it may be listed and traded on a national exchange. Taxpayer represents that any shares of domestic or foreign stock and any ADRs contributed are traded on an established securities market either within or without the United States.  [16] 1.3: INDIAN ADRs The system of ADRs allow the companies which have obtained permission to issue ADRs/GDRs to list the company in any of the stock exchanges namely the NASDAQ, NYSE or Dow Jones. The Indian companies have to comply with such regulations that have been specified by the Internal Revenue Service. Apart from these regulations, the investors can directly trade in Indian ADRs. The companies trading in ADRs include Infosys Technologies, Satyam, Dr.Reddy Laboratories Ltd, Silverline, Rediff.com Ltd., State Bank of India Ltd. etc. The trend of Indian ADRs has been rather unpredictable. Although most of the Indian companies have maintained highly satisfactory returns in the American markets, there have been certain upheavals in the market. The information technology boom was short-lived and when the tech boom had subsided, so did the craving to buy IT stocks. However, in spite of such shortcomings, the number of Indian companies with ADR issues contributed to about 80 per cent in the increa se on the number of Asian ADR issues.  [17]  Also, Infosys Technologies have seen their share prices tripling in the American market. Indian ADRs have, in all been rather successful in the US markets in spite of several limitations and are growing exponentially. CHAPTER II GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS IN INDIA Global depository receipts, means any instrument in the form of a depository receipt or certificate (by whatever name it is called) created by the Overseas Depository Bank outside India and issued to non-resident investors against the issue of ordinary shares or Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds of issuing company.  [18]  GDRs were also facilitated in India by the Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme, 1993. GDRs are one of the most convenient methods of obtaining Foreign Direct Investment and are increasingly being used by a large number of Indian companies. 2.1: ISSUING GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS  [19] GDRs can be issued by companies with the requisite permission from the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India  [20]  . The issuance GDRs has to be done by a Domestic Custodian Bank.  [21]  The system requires the issuing company to deposit ordinary shares or bonds with the Domestic Custodian Bank and in accordance with the terms of agreement, they instruct the Overseas Depository Bank  [22]  to issue Global Depository Receipt or certificates in lieu of the shares deposited to the Domestic Custodian Bank. GDRs may be issued in any negotiable form and listed on any international stock exchanges for trade outside India. The FCCB Scheme, 1993 provides that GDRs may be listed in any Overseas Stock Exchanged, or Over the Counter Exchanges or though Book Entry Transfer Systems prevalent abroad.  [23] 2.2: LISTING GLOBAL DEPOSITARY RECIEPTS GDRs can be listed in any international stock exchange. Most of the GDRs are however listed in either Luxembourg or the London Stock Exchange and are traded from these exchanges. Indian issuers get access to all European, Asian and US investors with an interest in their shares. US investors are able freely to purchase GDRs listed on the London Stock Exchange through exemptions to US securities laws covering professional investors.  [24] Listing in international stock exchanges gives the right to the company to have foreign investor, however, the rules of that stock exchange with regard to GDRs and foreign investment has to be complied with. The London Stock Exchange has specific guidelines which have to be complied with by any foreign corporation seeking to be listed under the LSE. 2.3: IMPACT OF GDRs ON THE INDIAN ECONOMY From May 1992 onwards, Indian companies have been issuing Global Depository Receipts and Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds/Euro Currency Bonds (FCCBs/ECBs) on the Euro market on a large scale. Upto December 1995, Indian firms raised US$ 5,180 million through 64 issues of GDRs FCCBs. During 1995-96, seven Euro issues, all in the form of GDR were made which together raised $652 million. To date, 47 GDR issues have taken place, which raised $3,856 million, and 11 ECB issues which raised $998 million.  [25] GDRs have proved to be a rather efficient way for attracting foreign investment. Numerous companies ranging from Infosys to State Bank of India have started issuing GDRs in order to expand their share capital base. It is quite noteworthy that all such companies have received extraordinary response and have fared more than satisfactorily. There are now 20 Indian companies listed in London, ranging from large capitalisation companies such as GAIL and State Bank of India to smal ler technology and services companies. Another 15 Indian companies have listed elsewhere in Europe but in the absence of any trading in the location where they listed have been admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange.  [26]  The recent inclusion in the London Stock Exchange are the UTI Bank, which raised over $250 million in March 2005, and Srei Infrastructure Finance, which came to the market with a $35 million offering in April 2005.  [27]  Vedanta Resources have till date been the most successful company trading in GDRs which raised US$ 1 billion in 2003 by an initial public offer. Amongst the latest companies intending to issue GDRs, Bharat Forge has come up with a proposal in April 2005. Bharat Forge will raise $100 million through Global Depository Receipts and $120 million through Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs). The GDRs represent one equity share of the paid-up value of Rs. 10 and were priced at $27.50 each, the company informed the Bombay S tock Exchange.  [28] 2.4: THE PROPOSED BHARTI MTN MERGER AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INDIAN ECONOMY The talks between the Bharti Airtel Group and MTN are very significant from the perspective of GDRs since some significant developments in this instrument were witnessed in the backdrop of the proposed merger. The deal was structured in a manner such that the Bharti Group would acquire 49% of MTN while MTN would hold 36% of Bharti. MTN itself would acquire a 25% stake in Bharti with its shareholders directly acquiring the remaining 11%. The 36% total acquired by MTN would be in the form of GDRs with voting rights. The primary issue in the proposed merger was whether the acquisition of 36% of the shares of the Bharti Group in the form of GDRs with voting rights would trigger various obligations under the SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 1997.  [29]  On July 7, 2009 SEBI published its informal guidance in the matter pertaining to the proposed merger and addressed these issues. The Takeover Regulations lay two primary obligations upon the a cquirer; (i) to make an open offer to the other shareholders when the acquisition exceeds 15% of the total, and (ii) to make certain disclosures when the acquisition crosses certain threshold limits that have been predefined, e.g. 5%, 14% etc. MTN was scheduled to acquire 36% of Bharti not in the form of shares but in the form of GDRs with voting rights. SEBI opined that GDR holders would be required to make an open offer only when they converted their GDRs with voting rights into shares thereby exceeding their holding beyond 15%. There was consequently no requirement for an automatic open offer upon purchase of GDRs with voting rights in excess of 15% of the total equity of the company. SEBI quoted Reg. 3(2) of the Takeover Regulations to support its case which read: Nothing contained in Chapter III of the regulations shall apply to the acquisition of Global Depository Receipts or American Depository Receipts so long as they are not converted into shares carrying voting right s. As far as disclosures were concerned however, SEBI quoted Chapter II of the Regulations to infer that the exemption that applies to an open offer does not apply. Furthermore, Reg. 2(k) of the Takeover Regulations includes any security which would entitle the holder to receive shares with voting rights. SEBI believed that since GDRs can be converted into shares with voting rights, they would also fall within the ambit of this definition. SEBI thus concluded that all disclosure requirements that apply to shares would be applicable to GDRs as well. However, SEBI amended the Takeover Regulations on September 22, 2009 and brought ADRs/GDRs on par with domestic shares. If an entity holds 15% of a company through GDRs, then he is required to make a mandatory open offer to buy an additional 20% equity in the company. CHAPTER III REGULATION OF ADRs AND GDRs IN INDIA The Central Government, in 1993 first introduced these systems in India. In all countries which allow issue of ADRs/GDRs have some sort of regulation mechanism in place. In India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India and the Reserve Bank of India mainly through schemes, policies, rules and guidelines regulate ADRs and GDRs. FCCBs issued against GDRs are treated as foreign direct investment in the issuing company.  [30] 3.1: RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON ADRs AND GDRs The issuing companies have to act within certain parameters set by the central government. These limitations restrict the scope within which companies have to act; however, these guidelines are rather liberally constructed. In order to get an appropriate permission for issuing GDRs/FCCBs, companies shall require having a good track record for a period of three years.  [31]  However, this track record requirement was dispensed with subsequently.  [32]  The cumulative of foreign investment in an issuing company, both direct and indirect, cannot exceed 51% of the issued and subscribed capital of the company.  [33]  Investments in stock markets and real estate are however, not acceptable. However since GDRs/ADRs are equity instruments and there is no repayment liability on the issuing company. Unlike a commercial borrowing or a foreign currency convertible bond which carries a repayment liability on the company, GDRs/ADRs are full risk equity. It has therefore been decid ed that all end-use restrictions on GDR/ADR issue proceeds be removed.  [34] 3.2: FURTHER RELAXATION OF ADR/GDR NORMS The system of ADRs/GDRs in India are being constantly revised and reviewed. Certain technical difficulties have been restructured in order to ensure maximum flexibility in the system of such issuance. Issuing companies have lesser restrictions and are allowed to issue up to 100 percent of their share capital as ADRs/GDRs. However, foreign investors are still prohibited from investing in industries related to atomic energy, railways, mining, coal and arms and ammunitions. Certain other regulations that have been relaxed are as follows: Indian bidders allowed to raise funds through ADRs, GDRs and external commercial borrowings (ECBs) for acquiring shares of PSEs in the first stage and buying shares from the market during the open offer in the second stage. Conversion and reconversion (a.k.a. two-way conversion or fungibility) of shares of Indian companies into depository receipts listed in foreign bourses, while extending tax incentives to non-resident investors, allowed. Th e re-coversion of ADRs/GDRs would, however, be governed by the Foreign Exchange Management Act notified by the Reserve Bank of India in March 2001. Permission to retain ADR/GDR proceeds abroad for future foreign exchange requirements, removal of the existing limit of $20,000 for remittance under the employees stock option scheme (ESOP) and permitting remittance up to $ 1 million from proceeds of sales of assets here. Companies have been allowed to invest 100 per cent of the proceeds of ADR/GDR issues (as against the earlier ceiling of 50%) for acquisitions of foreign companies and direct investments in joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries overseas. Any Indian company which has issued ADRs/GDRs may acquire shares of foreign companies engaged in the same area of core activity upto $100 million or an amount equivalent to ten times of their exports in a year, whichever is higher. Earlier, this facility was available only to Indian companies in certain sectors. FIIs c an invest in a company under the portfolio investment route upto 24 per cent of the paid-up capital of the company. It can be increased to 40% with approval of general body of the shareholders by a special resolution. This limit has now been increased to 49% from the present 40%. Two way fungibility in ADR/GDR issues of Indian companies has been introduced subject to sectoral caps wherever applicable. Stock brokers in India can now purchase shares and deposit these with the Indian custodian for issue of ADRs/GDRs by the overseas depository to the extent of the ADRs/GDRs that have been converted into underlying shares.  [35] CONCLUSION The Indian economy is one of the largest in the world and its growth rate is one of the highest in the group of developing nations, next only to China. The economic problems of India are multifaceted and emerge from several social, political and regional considerations. The progress made by the Indian economy averages out to be much less that the actual empirical change since the overwhelming population pressure defeats such economic progress. However, Indian industry and corporate gurus have taken India into the 21st Century with much to celebrate about. The process of liberalization of the Indian economy was acknowledged by the international community and India was instantly accepted as one of the significant players of the global markets. The pace at which the international businesses of many Indian companies are growing in some cases, far outpacing growth in India may mean for some companies that international operations can in future be financed more efficiently if they are capitalised separately from the parent company in India.  [36] Yet, there still exist some internal mechanisms which need to be modified in order to ensure a more hassle free transaction in the market. While India is opening up to foreign direct investment, individuals and institutions still have to register as foreign investors with the Securities and Exchange Board before they can buy stocks directly on Indias exchanges. Most individuals will likely find the red tape too daunting to cut; ex-pat Indians, however, have it easier because the government is encouraging such repatriation of capital.  [37] Although India has faced strong criticism from various countries regarding its internal policies and the complications in regulations, the prospect of investing in India is rather lucrative and therefore, Indian ADRs and GDRs globally have achieved a rather elevated status. India, among the European investors, is believed to be a good investment despite political uncertainty, bureaucratic hassles, shortages of power and infrastructural deficiencies. India presents a vast potential for overseas investment and is actively encouraging the entrance of foreign players into the market. No company, of any size, aspiring to be a global player can, for long ignore this country which is expected to become one of the top three emerging economies.  [38]

Business Description Of Linear Technology Corporation

1. Business Description: Linear Technology Corporation (â€Å"LLTC† or the â€Å"Company†), headquartered in Milpitas, California, was founded in 1981 by Robert Swanson. LLTC designs, manufactures, and markets a broad line of analog integrated circuits (â€Å"IC†) (semiconductors) worldwide. LLTC’s linear circuits are used in various electronic applications, such as cellular telephones, digital cameras, complex medical devices, and navigation systems. LLTC focuses on the analog segment in the semiconductor industry and has moderate-to-high exposure in the communications industry and computer industry, which, in 2002, accounted for 33% and 27% of LLTC’s total sales, respectively. The automotive industry accounted for 6%, and the remaining 34% was spread across various industries. LLTC’s customer base is well-diversified and no single customer accounts for even 5% of its business. The capital investment in the analog IC industry is modest. The cost of a new anal og fabrication facility (â€Å"fabs†) is approximately $200 million, substantially lower than the cost of a digital fab built by Intel, which can be as high as $2 billion. Once built, the useful life of analog fabs can be over 10 years, while digital fabs often become obsolete in three to five years. Research and development (â€Å"RD†) is also modest as observed in the fact that LLTC’s RD peaked at $102 million in 2001 . Financial Performance Earnings: LLTC had constantly grown sales, gross profits, and net income every year untilShow MoreRelatedlinear models of innovation are poorly suited to todays business environment1654 Words   |  7 Pagesby people in the market. And linear models of innovation are a description of innovation process. It is a unidirectional, incremental process from basic science, applied science, design or engineering, manufacturing to marketing. To linear models, knowledge flow is very simple in the process of innovation. 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The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 854 Words

Lost to the yellow Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, is about the internal struggle and confinement of a nameless woman. This woman confesses she is indeed not well and that her husband, John, who is a physician, diagnoses her with nervous depression. The treatment of said nervousness is where the story’s conflict arises. John decides his wife needs solitude in order to recover. He believes this solace will be found in an estate he rented. The narrator’s ultimate insanity is prompted by the isolation, denial, and self-judgment that she is forced into by her husband. John makes the decision to rent an isolated house for a few months to give his wife space to recover. The woman is aware that this isolation and continual rest will not to do her any good. Despite her lack of faith in John’s recovery plan, she submits to his firm advice and stays within the house. Instead of allowing outside stimulus to help with her condition, she begins to obsess with the objects in her room, especially the horrid yellow wallpaper. She journals, â€Å"When you follow the lame uncertain curves [of the wallpaper] for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide - plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions† (Gilman 309). This statement foreshadows her impending insanity and the destructiveness of isolation. Not only is she isolated physically, but also mentally and verbally. Paula A. Treichler, from University of Illinois, claims, â€Å"Because sheShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. 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Women who fought the urge to be the typical stereotype were seen as having mental instabilities and were considered disobedient. The societal need for women to conform to the standards in the 1800s were very high. They were to cook, clean and teach their daughters how to take care of the men. Gilman grew up without her father and she vowedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2032 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a poem about women facing unequal marriages, and women not being able to express themselves the way they want too. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860, and died in 1935. This poem was written in 1892. When writing this poem, women really had no rights, they were like men’s property. So writing â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† during this time era, was quite shocking and altered society at the time. (Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization ofRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat wallpaper as I did?† the woman behind the pattern was an image of herself. She has been the one â€Å"stooping and creeping.† The Yellow Wallpaper was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, three characters are intr oduced, Jane (the narrator), John, and Jennie. The Yellow Wallpaper is an ironic story that takes us inside the mind and emotions of a woman suffering a slow mental breakdown. The narrator begins to think that another woman is creeping around the room behind the wallpaper, attemptingRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman846 Words   |  4 PagesThe dignified journey of the admirable story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† created by Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s, gave the thought whether or not the outcome was influenced by female oppression and feminism. Female oppression and feminist encouraged a series of women to have the freedom to oppose for their equal rights. Signified events in the story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† resulted of inequality justice for women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gave the reader different literary analysis to join the unjustifiableRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1704 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping Th e Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) whom is most acclaimed for her short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1891) was a women’s author that was relatively revolutionary. Gilman makes an appalling picture of captivity and confinement in the short story, outlining a semi-personal photo of a young lady experiencing the rest cure treatment by her spouse, whom in addition to being her husband was also her therapist. Gilman misused the rest cure in The Yellow Wallpaper to alarm other

Hospital Management System Free Essays

KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT POLYTECHNIC CLINIC, KOFORIDUA) FOR HND COMPUTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S NAME: WESONO FELIX 04/2010/582D DITSA, JONAS CUDJOE 04/2010/561D DATE: 6TH MARCH, 2013 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT AWARD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TENTATIVE TITLE (OR FINAL TITLE): †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVED BY HEAD OF DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Management System or any similar topic only for you Order Now APPROVED BY DEAN, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Hospital administrators are often overwhelmed with information about a bulky number of patients and their stays to the hospital that need to be organized and kept up-to-date. The patient management system is a web based application that is designed and developed for hospital administrators and doctors to organize information on patient visits. The system intends to facilitate several steps in the process from the patient registration and to the patient evaluation. During this process, there will be many tasks that have to be handled by this system including maintaining complete information. The main objective of the system is to provide the administration staff and doctors with an easily maintainable information system for patient registration, visit scheduling and patient tracking with latest information. 1. 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives for establishing this project is to solve the problem notified in the research. The objectives are outlined as follows: I. To improve patient’s registration II. To increase level of patient management III. To improve on patient records keeping IV. To assign doctors to patients V. Doctor Management VI. Bed/Room Management VII. Doctors can update the patient’s record with their observations 1. 3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT In a given day, number of patients visits a hospital or a clinic. Many hospitals in Ghana still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient management software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system. Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. A few points to be noted about the system we are developing here * A patient can be categorized as â€Å" In patient† or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is â€Å"In Patient†, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database. The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP. Net technologies. The database connectivity is planned using the â€Å"SQL Connection† methodology. The standards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff. The entire project has been developed keeping in view of the distributed client server computing technology, in mind. The specification has been normalized up to 3NF to eliminate all the anomalies that may arise due to the database transaction that are executed by the general users and the organizational administration. The user interfaces are browser specific to give distributed accessibility for the overall system. The internal database has been selected as MS-SQL server 200. The basic constructs of table spaces, clusters and indexes have been exploited to provide higher consistency and reliability for the data storage. The MS-SQL server 200 was a choice as it provides the constructs of high-level reliability and security. The total front end was dominated using the ASP. Net technologies. At all proper levels high care was taken to check that the system manages the data consistency with proper business rules or validations. The database connectivity was planned using the latest â€Å"SQL Connection† technology provided by Microsoft Corporation. The authentication and authorization was crosschecked at all the relevant stages. The user level accessibility has been restricted into two zones namely. . 4. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * Risk of mismanagement of data when the project is under development. * Less Security. * No proper coordination between different Applications and Users. * Fewer Users – Friendly. 1. 5. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system contains the following activi ties, which try to automate the entire process keeping in view of the database integration approach. 1. User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. 2. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. 3. Readily upload the latest updates, allows user to download the alerts by clicking the URL. 4. There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level while the project development is under process. 5. It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is on the related literature of the study and tries to place the study into its theoretical framework. It explores fields of related theories of the study which will serve as the basis for monitoring patients and their records. There is a lot of similar software in the market, example hospital management system which also function the same but it is very complex to use (non-user friendly) and requires a degree of training and expertise before one can use it. With the PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM, everything is flexible and more user friendly with a high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 8. BUDGET The budget of the research study will be: ACTIVITY| DURATION| INPUTS/ITEMS REQUIRED| COSTGH| Research| One (1) week| A – 4 paper (3 Rims), laptop| 20. 0| Interviews| One (1)week| | 10. 00| Interface Designer| Five (5 )Days | A- 4 sheets| 10. 00| Data Analysis| One (1)week| | 15. 00| Coding| Two (2) weeks| | 10. 00| Printing Photocopying| One (1) weeks| A- 4 sheets| 30. 00| Binding | Three (3)Days| | 15. 00| Preparation of final Study Report| Three (3) weeks| | 50. 00| | | SUB TOTAL| 160. 00| | | | | | | TOTAL| 170. 00| | | | | 1. 9. TIMELINE This project is going to be undertaken in two months two weeks to finish the project (PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM). How to cite Hospital Management System, Essay examples

International Business for Transnational - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business for Transnational Corporations. Answer: International business can help the sub-Saharan African countries in having positive growth of their economy along with reducing the rate of poverty. This is due to the fact that these African regions are resource rich with having abundance of natural resources. Thus, attracting the global organizations in tapping these resources will not be difficult. Thus, with the initiation of the utilization of these resources, the export will get increased, which in turn enhance the foreign reserves with these countries. These foreign reserves can be used in create favorable infrastructure for the business organizations to operate in these countries. Hence, with having rich natural resources and favorable infrastructure for business, more global organization will come in these countries (Taylor Thrift, 2013). It will help to increase the gross domestic production of these countries. With having inflow of business organizations, the rate of employment will get increase and thus the economy of t hese countries will also get increased. Moreover, with the increase in the rate of export, governments will have more funds to spend on the social welfare, which will also enhance the national economy. International business will also help to initiate rapid industrialization in these countries. With having more people get employed and increasing the purchasing power, the market potential will also get increased, which will in turn further attract more global organizations to start their operational facilities in these countries (Jenkins, 2013). Domestic industries will also thrive with having the inflow of international technologies and capital. Thus, this holistic approach of international business will help to enhance the economy of these countries along with enhancing the social welfare. On the other hand, international business will also help to optimally utilize the natural resources in these countries. With the empowerment of the common people due to international business, the poverty will also get reduced. Reference Jenkins, R. (2013). Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (RLE International Business): The Internationalization of Capital and the Third World. Taylor, M., Thrift, N. (2013). Multinationals and the Restructuring of the World Economy (RLE International Business): The Geography of the Multinationals (Vol. 2).

Elasticity free essay sample

Elasticity of demand is the measure of consumer response to a change whether an increase or decrease in price. There are three categories that the response of the consumer can be grouped into: elastic, inelastic and unit elasticity. The calculation is relatively simple and the answer or the coefficient will be compared to the number 1. This number will always be positive and if our calculation gives us a negative number we take the absolute value. We divide the percent of change in demand by the percent change in price. For example if the price of milk went up 10 % and the change in demand went down by 1% we would divide . 10 by . 01. This would give us an answer of . 1. Given that . 1 is less than 1 we know that the good, in this case milk, would be inelastic. This means that over the short run price does not have a high impact on demand. If we were to look at a different good or service we may see different results. We will write a custom essay sample on Elasticity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example if the price of movie tickets increased by 10% and the demand decreased by 20% we would apply the same calculation. We would need to divide . 20 by . 1 which would give us a coefficient of 2. 2 is greater than 1 so we can say that this good falls into the category of being elastic. Although rare the third category that a good or service can fall into is called unit elasticity. Unit elasticity is when the percent change in price is equal to the percent change in demand. For example if the cost of books increased by 10 percent and the demand decreased by 10 percent then when we divided . 1 by. 1 we would get an answer of 1. When this happens we know that this item has unit elasticity. B. Cross price elasticity helps us determine the relationship between two different products. We calculate this by dividing the percent change in demand for product Y by the percent change of price in product X. This calculation will help us identify whether the products are substitute or complementary goods. Unlike our calculation for Elasticity of demand we compare our answer here to the number zero. We use both positive and negative numbers. If we were to compare movie tickets which had a 5 percent increase in price to popcorn which had a 10 % decrease in demand we would calculate this by dividing . 05 by -. 1 we get an answer of -2. This of course is less than zero so we know that these two products are categorized as complementary. C. Income elasticity is the measure of demand changes in comparison with the change in personal income. This will help us categorize products into two categories inferior and superior goods. This is also measure up against zero and allows for both positive and negative values. The calculation is done by dividing the percent change in demand of a specific product by the percent change in income. As an example if we were to see how consumers respond to a 10 percent increase in relation to demand for high definition televisions. If we were to suppose demand increased by 5 per cent we would calculate this by dividing . 05 by. 1 which would result in an answer of . 5. We know this item would be considered a normal or superior good since our answer is a positive number. If we were to look at the demand of DVD players in relation to a 10 percent increase in personal income and we have a 25 percent decrease in demand we would divide -. 25 by . 1 which would result in an answer of -2. 5. Since this number is less than zero we would categorize this product as an inferior good. D. Lets refer back to our earlier example using red and green grapes. When we performed our calculation we discovered â€Å"Availability of Substitutes† exists for red grapes. This means that there are options for substitutes that consumers find acceptable. If we go to Safe way and see that red grapes are 3 dollars more than green grapes it is reasonable to choose the green grapes. Since there are available substitutes that are easily accessible this keeps demand elastic E. â€Å"Proportion of Income Devoted to a Good† is a concept that looks at the percent of personal income that is dedicated to a particular good or service. We have been dealing with change in percentage so price can changes can appear equal but that can have significant impact depending on what the proportion of income is. F. For example each month I pay for my Netflix subscription. For this discussion let’s say it represents 1 percent of my income. I also pay 1600 dollars a month in rent each month. If both of these items were to experience a 10 percent price increase the impact would be very different. My Netflix would go from 10 to 12 dollars. This would be irritating but insignificant. My rent however, would go from 1600 to 1920 a month. This would be unsustainable for me to maintain. Over the short term I would more than likely have limited options such as first and last month saved etc. so I may get a roommate but over the long run I would have time to choose a more reasonably priced place to live that met my needs. Demand becomes more elastic over the long run because consumers have time to â€Å"shop around† and find other solutions. G. The price range the areas on the demand curve where demand is elastic is between $80 and $50 and the qty is between 1 and 4. The price range where the demand is unit elastic is between$50 and $40 and the qty is between 4 and 5. The area of the demand cure where demand is inelastic is between $40 and $0 dollars and the quantity is between 5 and 9. We can determine this one of two ways. First is by using the calculation we discussed earlier for elasticity of demand. Second would be to use the Total Revenue Test. When demand is elastic price will decrease while revenue increases. When demand is unit elastic price will decrease however revenue will remain the same. When demand becomes inelastic price will decrease as well as revenue.

How to Write an APA Essay Online Sample

How to Write an APA Essay Online SampleThere are two basic ways to learn how to write an APA essay online sample. The first is to attend a class on the topic and take a test at the end of the semester. In the course of taking the APA test, you will have many opportunities to practice what you learned by answering questions on your own time. You can submit your essay to a journal that rates and publishes essay samples.Online colleges often publish these assignments as well. One of the most widely accepted online colleges is Kaplan University. They have an excellent selection of online courses and an entire online college dedicated to teaching you how to write an APA essay online sample.Most online colleges will have some kind of writing sample that will be appropriate for an APA essay online sample. Kaplan University has a written composition class that you can take in your free time, along with other courses that focus on writing for the APA exam. Some of these courses are for all st udents, some are just for non-specialized students who want to improve their writing.This is the most popular way to take the APA essay online sample, because the material is typically easy to read easily. There are many resources available to help you improve the style of your essay and to help you learn how to structure a good argument for each point you make. You should have some basic knowledge of logic and good writing before you attempt this assignment.You can also use a sample test as a preparation for this kind of paper. Kaplan University offers several different tests that you can take for free, with no risk involved. These tests range from brief essays to longer academic papers that cover the topics you will be writing on in your class.You can do any of these things on your online college. The only difference is that these types of online colleges are usually smaller than larger online colleges. But the lack of larger buildings with classrooms does not mean that you will n ot get the same benefits from these online college courses as you would from a traditional campus course.You do not have to sacrifice all of the advantages of a larger online college to use the format of a smaller college for your APA essay online sample. You can still take advantage of all of the resources that the larger online college offers to those who are just looking to study. In fact, it might be a good idea to pay attention to the smaller online colleges first if you are already enrolled in a larger college.For those who are considering applying to a large online college, consider taking an essay writing sample first. The student handbook may provide tips on how to choose the right essay sample for you, as well as helpful suggestions for your paper. When you are ready to take your next APA essay online sample, start off by preparing for your composition test, and then begin writing.