Problem Based Learning in Medical Education Essay

Issue Based Learning in Medical Education - Essay Example The issue put together learning method is based with respect to grown-up learning hypothesis, as per which the human engrossing abilities can be upgraded by shuffling their brains and ideas, which can be accomplish by allowing them to deal with and talk about issues. Moreover, the understudies are urged to check their own learning objectives, the extent of objectives get expand with experience hazardous circumstances, the dynamic capacities can be improved by usage of program based learning, the dynamic exercises further upgrade their learning, and their basic and logical methodology towards the issue. Despite the fact that Problem Based Learning is creative and useful exercise, 'anyway PBL doesn't offer a widespread panacea for instructing and learning in medication, and it has a few very much perceived burdens' (Diana F Wood., ABC of learning and educating in medication: Problem based learning). It has been seen that those understudies who have learned through issue based exercises have better information maintenance.

Free Euthanasia Essays: We Have the Right to Physician-Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

We as a whole Have the Right to Physician-Assisted Suicide Doctor helped self destruction presents probably the best predicament to the clinical calling. Would it be advisable for someone to who is intellectually skillful, however regarded in critical condition, be permitted the alternative of doctor helped self destruction? As indicated by the First Amendment of The Constitution of The United States, one hasthe opportunity to request of the administration for a change of complaints. The Fourteenth Amendment expresses, The Statecannot deny any individual of life, freedom or property, without fair treatment of law; nor deny any individual inside itsjurisdiction the equivalent insurance of the laws. The gathering accepts that a critically ill patient has the Constitutionalright to choose whether or not to end their existence with the assistance of an authorized clinical specialist. There have been numerous cases overthe years where an in critical condition persistent who is intellectually skilled has settled on the decision to either participa te in doctor helped self destruction or willful extermination. Â Doctor helped self destruction happens when the doctor gives thepatient the methods and additionally information to submit suicide(Death and Dying,91). Killing is the point at which the physicianadministers the demise causing medication or agent(Death and Dying,92). The latest case is that of The Stateof Florida v. Charles Hall. Charles Hall is passing on of AIDS and provoked the State of Florida to let him bite the dust bya self-directed deadly infusion unafraid of prosecution(http://www.rights.org/deathnet/open.html). On January31, 1997, a Judge decided that Charles Hall could end his own existence with the guide of a specialist. Senior Judge S. JosephDavis, acquired from Seminole County, found that Florida's severe security law and the equivalent insurance provision in theU.S. Constitution entitled Hall, 35, and Dr. McIver to complete a helped passing unafraid of arraignment (Sun-Sentinel,1A). On February 11, 1997, Charles Hall's decision was upset by the Florida Supreme Court: he no longer hasthe option to take his own life. He should hold up until May 9, 1997 until new contentions will be heard. Corridor, whohas been regarded intellectually skilled, gotten the infection in 1981 through a blood transfusion. A portion of the complicationshe is experiencing from the AIDS infection are joint inflammation, hepatitis, pneumonia and a cerebrum blister http://www.rights.org/deathnet/open.html). The Oregon Death with Nobility Act permits in critical condition grown-ups who are intellectually competentto request a remedy for drug to end their life in an altruistic and honorable manner(http://www.rights.org/deathnet/open.html). This demonstration, Measure 16, was endorsed by the voters in 1994.

Operations Management for Organisational Culture and Structures

Question: Talk about theOperations Management for Organizational Culture and Structures. Answer: Authoritative culture alludes to a lot of shared suspicions esteems and convictions regular to an association (Armenakis, Brown, Mehta 2011, p. 305). It decides the manner in which individuals carry on towards one another in an association. It concerns how individuals relate pretty much morally to one another. It decides how workers in the association dress, go about just as the way of execution of their employments. An association is established by various individuals from a wide assortment of foundations. As a result of this an association is probably going to have a few subcultures. People will in general arrange and consider themselves to be having a place with a specific gathering. These interior groupings lead to the production of a hierarchical culture, obviously, more often than not, not without components of solidarity and discontinuity too. The individuals from the association distinguish themselves by a lot of qualities and thoughts which separate them from different gathe rings and associations. This paper investigates how much such hierarchical culture decides the authoritative structure and its prosperity. Solid hierarchical societies encourage a decent working relationship with the representatives at the working environment. In the event that top notch by the administration, the authoritative culture controls the laborers to relate morally and ethically in manners that are facilitative to the companys achievement. As indicated by Samson and Richard (2010), the brilliant guideline of do to others what you would have them do to you is a characterizing society for TMT. This estimation of conviction is likewise reflected in the association's commitment with different partners, for example, contenders, clients, providers and the general public also. The longstanding accomplishment of TMT after some time could be ascribed to this standard which is a culture gotten from Espoused Beliefs Values This aides specialist connections whether in load up room gatherings where significant choices are made or in the everyday activities in the work environment. Authoritative culture is crucial to the greatness of the association. It has a direction on the authoritative structure. Hierarchical specialists are starting to comprehend that one of the significant elements of pioneers in business is to create and oversee authoritative societies. Albeit hierarchical societies shift with respect to extension and substance, Samson and Richard (2010) proposed five factors of authoritative culture. These are significant determinants of the hierarchical structure and at last its exhibition. Correspondence how responsive does one see their partners as. How would they respond to his/her thoughts and proposals? Inspiration is the individual spurred to come to work. Do the representatives anticipate coming to work each day? What inspires the workforce? Dynamic what is the degree of information on the chiefs about the goings-on in the lower levels of the association? Does dynamic try to comprehend laborers situation? Control-in the different divisions, what is the degree of impact of the various leveled the board levels in the activities of the office? Does the workforce learn about left by the administration in the association's exercises? Co-appointment do people working in the different offices plunk down to design exercises together? Are their activities composed? These are factors that directly affect initially the efficiency of the workers and in general on the presentation of the office in question or the whole association as indicated by Peterson (2014, p. 8). The five factors of hierarchical culture clarified above would definity affect in addition to other things, the activity fulfillment of representatives. Some measure of research has been aimed at this territory of employment fulfillment as an object of hierarchical culture. Kessler Limor (2014) attempted an overview to investigate the high willful turnover by IT administrators and driving IT specialists in the greetings Tech organizations of Israel from the perspective of the IT workers themselves. They found that the impact of occupation fulfillment in affecting workers expectation for willful turnover is a main source. Other hierarchical structure related variables that are pushing representatives towards deliberate turnover are authoritative culture, work related, administration and inside promoting related and Human Resource Management (HRM) Related. The discoveries of Kessler and Limor (2014) exhibit a high relationship between's absence of employment fulfillment and deliberate turnover levels. Enthusiastic factors related with these incorporate responsibility, faithfulness, and inspiration. This calls for major hierarchical rebuilding (among greetings tech firms in Israel) in regards to authoritative culture if this pattern is to be turned around. Let us investigate hierarchical culture and open assistance division. Much the same as benefit making associations, open segment, which is a non-benefit making substance yet rather suppliers of open utilities additionally, need sound authoritative societies on the off chance that they are to convey quality administrations. Today, in this worldwide time, running associations is even more intricate. There are continually crises of residents needs that have not been there in the past just as recently rising conditions. On the off chance that open organizations are to effectively react to these, Armenakis, Brown, and Mehta (2011) places that they should utilize strategies, systems, and practices that are increasingly proficient. That calls for better hierarchical culture. For quite a while in the open segment, mentalities, conduct, and works on containing the components of advancement and business enterprise are experienced as systems that advocate for change Peterson (2014). These are r egions that managers in the open area need to take a gander at to improve the exhibition of the open part in administration conveyance. There is a requirement for open areas to develop into a structure that is progressively adaptable, compelling and productive. Samson and Richard (2010) additionally present that through proper administration of assets, new prime examples of conduct and pioneering direction, open specialist co-ops can give better and top notch benefits henceforth improving the inclination of the network. It is indispensable that adaptability and self-governance in the endeavors of-of activities become an integral part of the open assistance area. It is fundamental that they build up a hierarchical structure and support enterprising society as well. This will support them in finding inventive solutions for circumstances concentrating on human asset. Such culture as per Karyotakis et al. (2016) should transcend the legalism, formalism, latency and overspending which is normal for some open substances. This is a certain method to set up structure that will limit formality, yield proficient and powerful help conveyance for residents that meets the fulfillment of both the workers and the residents. Armenakis, Brown, and Mehta (2011) likewise propose a social change process whereby objectivity, equity, and development are the focuses to social and political level. Quality, responsibility, straightforwardness, esteem, rules extroversion and direction to results ought to be what portray it. Each representative should then show this change. Workers establish open organization and as such should be dynamic members in the authoritative culture change process. They should epitomize it in their every day rehearses, ooze it in their mentality and show it in their conduct. The authoritative culture and the qualities of effective film teams give a case of how hierarchical culture impacts on the presentation of the association. As per Rashidi, Nadeem, and Zakim (2017), this fragment of the diversion division is portrayed by the absolute best models of hierarchical culture. This clarifies why the division is flourishing. The overview found that the work environment estimations of the said bunch are facilitative in the achievement of people and groups around here. In the event that authoritative culture researchers were to get a leaf from the hierarchical profile showed by the film creation team, numerous associations would perform better. Each association is relied upon to affect the network. It is just conceivable to accomplish if the association will find some kind of harmony between the interests of its partners. This implies investors, customers, proprietors, workers and the administration premiums must be dealt with. As indicated by Schein (2004), one striking contrast between associations that affect society and those whose effect is negligible is authoritative culture. It is the thing that adheres to a meaningful boundary between the two. Hierarchical societies are a result of practices and customs made after some time. They are authorized by the association's chiefs and every once in a while are changed as regarded suitable. Schein (2004) sets that hierarchical societies are showed at three levels. One path is through a lot of structures and procedures that are noticeable, customs, dress and functions which he calls social antiquities. On the other hand a lot of officially created and settled upon arrangements , procedures or objectives additionally exist these are called embraced culture. Additionally, fundamental suppositions, for example, considerations, desires, and speculations can likewise be a piece of an association's way of life. Hierarchical structure decides the authoritative structure here and there. Research has exhibited that authoritative culture affects the companys gainfulness. As indicated by Denison (2010) associations that have a culture of investment are more productive than those that are less participative. The effect of authoritative culture is by all accounts the comparative across benefit making and non-benefit making associations. Peterson (2014) looked to comprehend the worth structure and its bearing on the presentation of medical clinic associations. Gregory and his associates found that quiet fulfillment levels were higher in hosp

Qué es estatus PRUCOL y qué inmigrantes están amparados

Quã © es estatus PRUCOL y quã © inmigrantes estn amparados Los inmigrantes PRUCOL child indocumentados que pueden tener acceso an algunos beneficios sociales. Los derechos que pueden tener depende de cada estado. PRUCOL significa residente permanente bajo el shading de la ley, segã ºn sus siglas en inglã ©s. No es una de las 7 situaciones migratorias creadas por las leyes, sino que es consecuencia de una sentencia legal. Para ser amparado por PRUCOL los requisitos child los siguientes: estar en Estados Unidos como indocumentadoque el gobierno government sepa de la presencia en el paã ­s de se inmigrantey que a pesar de estar indocumentado el gobierno ha manifestado su intenciã ³n de no proceder a su deportaciã ³n, expulsiã ³n o remociã ³n de Estados Unidos. Esto puede suceder porque el migrante se encuentra en una categorã ­a contra la que el gobierno no actã ºa para deportar o porque se le ha notificado al inmigrante que no va a ser deportado. Tienen que darse al mismo tiempo esos tres requisitos Ejemplos de situaciones migratorias que pueden ser amparadas por PRUCOL Personas en proceso de ajuste de estatusSolicitantes de asiloMigrantes con un Estatus de Protecciã ³n Temporal (TPS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s)Situaciones de cancelaciã ³n de la deportaciã ³n (retraction of removal)Suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³nAccià ³n Diferida (DACA, por sus siglas en inglã ©s) para muchachos que llegaron a USA risks de cumplir los 16 aã ±os y reã ºnen otros requisitos.Las personas extranjeras que al llegar an una aduana de Estados Unidos no cumplã ­an los requisitos para el ingreso pero se les permitiã ³ un parole por razones humanitarias  y hace menos de un aã ±o de esa situaciã ³n. Por ejemplo, caso de cubanos por pies secos pies mojados o de haitianos.Las vã ­ctimas de violencia o de trfico de personas que han solicitado una visa U o una T.Migrantes que han solicitado por carta un alivio de la deportaciã ³n hace ms de seis meses y no han obtenido una respuesta por parte de las autoridades. Beneficios sociales que pueden tener las personas consideradas PRUCOL Va a depender de cada estado. Algunos no conceden ningã ºn derecho, mientras que otros conceden algunos, como por ejemplo Nueva York, Nuevo Mã ©xico, Nueva Jersey, Maine, Massachusetts, Virginia, Hawaii y Pennsylvania. California se encuentra entre los ms generosos. Por otro lado, Texas, casa de aproximadamente el 14 por ciento del absolute de indocumentados presentes en USA, no brinda beneficios para los PRUCOL. Como los derechos y los requisitos cambian de estado an estado, verificar con las administraciones del lugar en el que se live. Entre los beneficios ms comunes para los PRUCOL en los estados que asã ­ lo permiten se encuentran: MedicaidSSI/SSP, ingresos y pagos complementarios.CAPI, programa de asistencia en dinero, dependiendo de la edad o si sufren una incapacidad.SNAP, programa de asistencia para alimentos. En California se conoce como CalFreshAdems, en California feed ms programas especã ­ficos de ese estado, como CFAP, programa de asistencia para comidas que puede aplicar an algunso PRUCOL y CalWORKS. Adems, todos los indocumentados, incluso los que no child PRUCOL, tienen beneficios como Medicaid de Emergencia, que incluye entre otras medidas el parto y nacimiento de un bebã ©, y tambiã ©n WIC, que es un programa de asistencia para alimentos para embarazadas, lactantes y bebã ©s. A tener en cuenta  No confundir PRUCOL con qualified foreigner, que es el requisito que pide el gobierno government para tener acceso a programas financiados federalmente. Los PRUCOL no child inmigrantes cualificados an estos efectos. Asimismo, las personas que ingresaron an Estados Unidos risks del 22 de agosto de 1996 podrã ­an tener acceso a mayores beneficios sociales, ya que para ellos aplica una ley anterior.â Por à ºltimo, tener presente que PRUCOL no da derecho an obtener la tarjeta de residencia ni la ciudadanã ­a Yankee folklore. Muchos inmigrantes PRUCOL podrn legalizarse siguiendo un camino especã ­fico para su caso, pero otros muchos permanecern toda su vida en esa situaciã ³n de indocumentados a los que se les permite permanecer en Estados Unidos. Este artã ­culo es sã ³lo informativo. No es consejo legitimate.

Missed Connections That Time I Got Stood Up By Dave Eggers

Missed Connections That Time I Got Stood Up By Dave Eggers Have you ever had a brush with literary greatness? Maybe you sat across from an author you admire on the train or spotted one of your favorite writers working on their laptop at a coffee shop. For bookish types, these sightings can be better than catching a fleeting glimpse of a movie star on break, a baseball hero at the deli, or a rare albino hummingbird whirring past your window. When I worked at Princeton University Press, literary sightings were a regular thing due the superstar faculty on campus. Once, I almost literally bumped into Paul Muldoon in the toilet-paper aisle of the local grocery store. At a public lecture, I was thrilled to sit behind Joyce Carol Oates and C. K. Williams and overhear bits of run-of-the-mill conversation. I know. It sounds stalker-y. But getting to see a hint of a writer’s everyday life can make them feel more familiar and more beloved. These authors, whose poems or essays or novels you spend hours with, are just regular folks who buy Charmin and talk about office parties. (Though, trust me, I’m not angling for Publisher’s Weekly to launch a regular “Authors! They’re Just Like Us!” feature à la People magazine.) My biggest bookish encounter that never was involved Dave Eggers, a bunch of drinks, and the world’s most tragic missed connection. Mr. Eggers (Dave? Can I call him Dave?) was on campus giving a reading of his new book What Is the What. Afterward, I stood in line to ask him to sign my copy of You Shall Know Our Velocity and saw that he was chatting with a visiting professor, whom I’d just met the previous week. When it was my turn, the three of us talked for a bit, and Dave suggested I gather some friends from work and meet them at a local pub after their faculty dinner. Um, yeah! I gathered friends fast. We were all in our twenties and it was the height of Eggers Mania. A pack of us â€" Jeremy, Adithi, Hanne, Heath, Clara, Sophia, more â€" sprinted  to the Alchemist and Barrister at five o’clock sharp, so we could stake out a good table and be ready when our pal Dave showed up. We ordered a round of drinks and freaked out for a while. Then we ordered another round. And another. And you know how things go. By ten o’clock, we were drunk and Dave still wasn’t there, so we decided to settle up and stumble home. The next day, I got an email from our mutual friend, the visiting professor, saying that he and Dave had gotten stuck at the faculty dinner and had showed up at the Alchemist and Barrister at ten thirty. “Sorry we missed you,” he said. From the size of my headache that morning, it was probably a good thing that I didn’t get a chance to sit across the table from Dave Eggers the night before. Chances are, my conversation skills wouldn’t have been at their most sparkling. But who knows? Maybe if we’d shared a beer and talked about books, we’d be best friends now, sending each other Christmas cards and Ello invitations. At least he spelled my name right when he autographed You Shall Know Our Velocity: What are your best author encounters? Come on, tell us all about them in the comments below!

Compare and Contrast two Successful Contemporary Leaders - 550 Words

Critical Analysis to Compare and Contrast two Successful Contemporary Leaders (Essay Sample) Content: CRITICAL ANALYSIS TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO SUCCESSFUL CONTEMPORARY LEADERSBy (Name)CourseProfessors nameUniversity nameCity, StateDate of submissionCompare and Contrast Two Successful Contemporary LeadersContemporary leaders are leaders who existed, come to being, or lived at the same period. Examples of the two leaders that the essay will focus on are Henry Ford the founder of ford motor company and Alfred P. Sloan of the general motors (Sloan 2004).These are the two most successful businesspersons in motor industries in early 1900s. They have several similarities and difference in their skills (Laudon Laudon 2011).Similarities between the two leadersBoth the leaders were a symbol of intense revolution that was taking place in most of the industries in United States of America between 1910-1920. Ford introduced the automatic assembly line in 1913 and this changed the manufacturing industry in America. On the other case, Sloan came up with the introduction of annu al model change, to attract motorist and so off the new type of cars in the market (Baldwin, Hodges Poenisch 2000).The leaders led to the increase of mass production in America and it increased from 6.7 million to 20 million by 1920. This is because they put more effort in car production by having different policies that facilitated this rise, for example, Ford increased the wages of his workers, to motivate them in increasing the production, and Sloans objective was to make money so they could produce more cars so that they achieve that (Baldwin, Hodges Poenisch 2000).They led to the affordability of vehicles in America. The two leaders always wanted their produce to be affordable to the people so they had different tactics in doing that (Laudon Laudon 2011).For instance, Ford always reduced the cost of buying a car to make more sells while Sloan came up with national consumer credit agency to give out credit to consumers (Sloan 2004).The two companies led to the improvement in advertisement agencies in America. Because there were vast productions of cars in the region and due to the competition of market for the produce, this required the advertising agencies to up their game (Baldwin, Hodges Poenisch 2000).The First World War affected them all. During this period, there was a decrease in market for the cars because most people feared that the cars would be destroyed during the war hence it led to a decrease in market (Laudon Laudon 2011).Differences between the two leadersThe two leaders differed in selling price method. Ford always cut down the price of the cars to increase the sales of the cars while Sloan did not cut down the prices of the cars; he said that people might pay more depending on luxury and prestige this means he wanted people to pay more(Baldwin, Hodges Poenisch 2000).The two leaders did not have the same payment system (Sloan 2004). Ford had a knowledge that by increasing the wa...

A Research Study On Mentoring Program - 1184 Words

Summary Mentoring program have become common place in the social service community, their general effectiveness has been well evaluated. This research will provide foundation for the following review of Deep blue lines, focusing on mentor/mentee relationships, family involvement, their camp element and program evaluation (DBL). DBL is a mentoring program for at risk youths, run by Police-Citizens Youth Club (PCYC) is a aimed at 13-17 year olds who are at risk of entering into criminal activities or disengaging from community, education and family. DBL involves small group mentoring sessions ran by police officers, focusing on communication, goal setting, making good choices, and positive self-image. Another element to the program is†¦show more content†¦The program connects at risk teens with positive mentors, in order to learn to communicate, set goals, make positive choices and create healthy relationships, in addition, they participate in a camp where they are challenged to apply the skills they have acquired (2016). DBL has no official documentation of how it is evaluation thus it will be evaluated through the framework of comparative literature based on similar mentoring programs. There is no statistically information based on DBL to infer if the program is successful or otherwise. Evaluation of such a program is valuable to assess not only the success of your program but also, your demographic so you can further tailor your program to your participants, gain access to funding through suppling evidence of your results, gain community support by showing the community your results (Parker and Lamont, 2010). Karcher et al. found that evaluation contributed to program improvments inclding increased training for mentors, and improved plasticity to allow for individual needs (2006). This aspect is lacking in DBL and needs to be introduced to gain valuable information that will assist in the improvement and success of the program however, there have been other effective elements of DBL identified. A factor that has been identified as effective in mentoring programs of at risk teens is an engaging relationship between mentor and mentee, this is oftenShow MoreRelatedInvestigation Of Mentoring And Induction Program908 Words   |  4 PagesThis study examined the teacher shortage, retaining teachers, mentoring/induction in relationship to teacher job satisfaction. Darling-Hammond (2003) revealed that research shows that novice teachers usually leave after five years of teaching. The goal is to make educators understand the need for mentoring/induction program in the southern school system. 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At the beginning of the article Gaskill stated, â€Å"These relationships are recognized for theirRead MoreEvaluation Of Mentoring Programs For The United States1732 Words   |  7 PagesJordan Woltjer 11/16/2016 Course Project Part 2 Matz shows that mentoring programs were first instituted in the U.S. in the late 19th century as an alternative to incarceration to be used in Juvenile Courts under the supervision of probation officers (2014). According to Matz, these sentencing policies were inspired by the progressive era’s focus on alleviating the mass poverty that was caused by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization (2014). Blakeslee and Keller state that â€Å"The highlyRead MoreSchool Based Mentoring Programs ( Sbmp )919 Words   |  4 PagesSchool-based mentoring programs (SBMP) have become widely used due to their presumptuously simple implementation and effective results; however, they remain to be scientifically under-developed and require integrity during implementation (Miller et al., 2013; Smith Stormont, 2011). Undoubtedly, SBMP have been shown to improve students: attitudes, confidence, school engagement, school performance, behaviour, vocational skills, and emotional and social sk ills (Converse Lignugaris/Kraft, 2009; MillerRead MoreMentoring Programs Serve As A Platform For Organizations1668 Words   |  7 PagesMentoring Matters Mentoring programs serve as a platform for organizations to discuss career goals while offering development opportunities and guidance to employees who are willing to advance professionally. When executed appropriately in organizations, mentoring programs, whether formal or informal, can serve to benefit the organization and the individual. Benefits of mentoring at the organizational level. Kreitner and Kinicki (2009) suggest â€Å"mentoring can serve to embed an organization’s culture

American Depository Receipts And Global Depository Receipts Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3472 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Trade and commerce has been an important aspect of globalization. Since the 19th century, when the colonial era was at its peak, foreign markets were the reason for colonial wars since the importance of foreign markets were realized. However, towards the end of the colonial era, when newly independent countries began to build their economies from scratch they started clamping down on foreign investment and only decades later, slowly began to open up their markets after centuries of exploitation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Depository Receipts And Global Depository Receipts Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Corporate entities, in order to ensure larger capital started looking for foreign investors. For an investor, investing in a foreign corporation would mean unnecessary hassle since it would include going through a lot of technical procedures. In order to solve the problems of both the investors and corporations seeking foreign investment, the concepts of American depository receipts and global depository receipts were introduced. Introduced to the financial markets in 1927, an American Depository Receipt (ADR) is a stock that trades in the United States but represents a specified number of shares in a foreign corporation. ADRs are bought and sold on American markets just like regular stocks, and are issued/sponsored in the U.S. by a bank or brokerage.  [1]  The ADR price is set to suit the American market, where the face value of share prices is typically higher perhaps $20-100 or more. At these levels, each ADR usually represents several foreign shares, rather than just o ne.  [2] In order to ensure that investors from different countries and not one country alone may invest in a corporate entity, it was essential to make available such stocks on an international level. A Global depository receipt (GDR) is when [a] bank certificate issued in more than one country for shares in a foreign company. The shares are held by a foreign branch of an international branch. The shares trade as domestic shares, but are offered for sale globally through the various bank branches  [3]  . Indian companies are permitted to raise equity capital in the international market through the issue of Global Depository Receipt. GDRs are designated in dollars and are not subject to any upper limit on investment.  [4] Such machinery came to be used in India much later and was introduced first in the 1990s. This system was brought about by the liberalization process of the economy which started during that time. The use of ADRs and GDRs has steadily gained popularit y in India with corporations looking towards global markets and attracting foreign investments. Numerous Indian software companies have taken advantage of these schemes  [5]  and a multitude of other schemes specifically related to information technology companies have been brought about to encourage the issuance of ADRs and GDRs by such companies. In just a few decades, India will be one of the largest economies in the world. To reach that point, companies in India will have to invest colossal sums in developing their businesses. The use of American Depository Receipts and Global Depository Receipts have become commonplace and in India they are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. The use of ADRs and GDRs has simplified the process of investing in a foreign corporation making stock trading in international companies as simple as investing in a domestic company The paper shall explain the concept of ADRs and GDRS and the highlight their importance to th e Indian economy with the help of corporate examples. It is essential to regulate such liberalized mechanisms and therefore, the researcher shall look into the SEBI schemes, rules and guidelines and also the RBI circulars. CHAPTER I AMERICAN DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS IN INDIA American depository receipts are basically stocks of companies located outside of the US that are traded on US stock exchanges.  [6]  Although the concept appears to be rather unidimensional, there arise several complications in the regulation and trading of such stock. ADRs were introduced as a result of the complexities involved in buying shares in foreign countries. Primarily the difficulties associated with trading at different prices and currency values. For this reason, U.S. banks simply purchase a bulk lot of shares from the company, bundle the shares into groups, and reissues them on either the NYSE, AMEX, or Nasdaq.  [7]  The concept of American and global depository receipts were introduced and permitted in India through the Central Government scheme, the Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme, 1993  [8]  . This scheme has laid down definitions, rules and procedures with regard to ADRs and GDRs. This scheme was deemed to have come into effect from the first day of April, 1992. 1.1: ELIGIBILITY CRITERION FOR ISSUING ADRs In order to understand the concepts and the working of the ADR system, it is essential to know certain definitions connected with the procedures of this system. ADRs are traded by depositories through a certain regulation. A depository means a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) and which has been granted a certificate of registration under sub-section (1A) of section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992).  [9]  However, in order to be able to issue both ADRs and GDRs, registration with the Securities and Exchange Board of India  [10]  is not sufficient. Under the FCCB Scheme, 1993, a company eligible to issue ADRs and GDRs are known as an issuing company. An issuing company means an Indian company permitted to issue Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds  [11]  or ordinary shares of that company against Global Depository Receipts  [12]  in order to be eligible to issue Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds  [13]  or ordinary shares for the purposes of raising foreign funds, an issuing company require to obtain prior permission of the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India.  [14]  These issues need to conform to the rules regarding Foreign Direct Investment and the related policies and other mandatory statutory provisions.  [15] 1.2: REGULATION OF ADRs IN USA In the United States of America, ADRs are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, (functioning under the Internal Revenue Services) through rules and other regulations. An ADR certificate is traded as stock and represents the underlying foreign shares, which can be obtained upon demand. The holder of an ADR is entitled to demand delivery of the underlying shares. The American bank converts dividends, interest, and principal from the foreign security into United States dollars. Once issued, an ADR certificate may be freely traded in United States dollars in the United States on the over-the-counter market. If certain SEC filings are made, it may be listed and traded on a national exchange. Taxpayer represents that any shares of domestic or foreign stock and any ADRs contributed are traded on an established securities market either within or without the United States.  [16] 1.3: INDIAN ADRs The system of ADRs allow the companies which have obtained permission to issue ADRs/GDRs to list the company in any of the stock exchanges namely the NASDAQ, NYSE or Dow Jones. The Indian companies have to comply with such regulations that have been specified by the Internal Revenue Service. Apart from these regulations, the investors can directly trade in Indian ADRs. The companies trading in ADRs include Infosys Technologies, Satyam, Dr.Reddy Laboratories Ltd, Silverline, Rediff.com Ltd., State Bank of India Ltd. etc. The trend of Indian ADRs has been rather unpredictable. Although most of the Indian companies have maintained highly satisfactory returns in the American markets, there have been certain upheavals in the market. The information technology boom was short-lived and when the tech boom had subsided, so did the craving to buy IT stocks. However, in spite of such shortcomings, the number of Indian companies with ADR issues contributed to about 80 per cent in the increa se on the number of Asian ADR issues.  [17]  Also, Infosys Technologies have seen their share prices tripling in the American market. Indian ADRs have, in all been rather successful in the US markets in spite of several limitations and are growing exponentially. CHAPTER II GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS IN INDIA Global depository receipts, means any instrument in the form of a depository receipt or certificate (by whatever name it is called) created by the Overseas Depository Bank outside India and issued to non-resident investors against the issue of ordinary shares or Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds of issuing company.  [18]  GDRs were also facilitated in India by the Issue of Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds and Ordinary Shares (Through Depository Receipt Mechanism) Scheme, 1993. GDRs are one of the most convenient methods of obtaining Foreign Direct Investment and are increasingly being used by a large number of Indian companies. 2.1: ISSUING GLOBAL DEPOSITORY RECEIPTS  [19] GDRs can be issued by companies with the requisite permission from the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India  [20]  . The issuance GDRs has to be done by a Domestic Custodian Bank.  [21]  The system requires the issuing company to deposit ordinary shares or bonds with the Domestic Custodian Bank and in accordance with the terms of agreement, they instruct the Overseas Depository Bank  [22]  to issue Global Depository Receipt or certificates in lieu of the shares deposited to the Domestic Custodian Bank. GDRs may be issued in any negotiable form and listed on any international stock exchanges for trade outside India. The FCCB Scheme, 1993 provides that GDRs may be listed in any Overseas Stock Exchanged, or Over the Counter Exchanges or though Book Entry Transfer Systems prevalent abroad.  [23] 2.2: LISTING GLOBAL DEPOSITARY RECIEPTS GDRs can be listed in any international stock exchange. Most of the GDRs are however listed in either Luxembourg or the London Stock Exchange and are traded from these exchanges. Indian issuers get access to all European, Asian and US investors with an interest in their shares. US investors are able freely to purchase GDRs listed on the London Stock Exchange through exemptions to US securities laws covering professional investors.  [24] Listing in international stock exchanges gives the right to the company to have foreign investor, however, the rules of that stock exchange with regard to GDRs and foreign investment has to be complied with. The London Stock Exchange has specific guidelines which have to be complied with by any foreign corporation seeking to be listed under the LSE. 2.3: IMPACT OF GDRs ON THE INDIAN ECONOMY From May 1992 onwards, Indian companies have been issuing Global Depository Receipts and Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds/Euro Currency Bonds (FCCBs/ECBs) on the Euro market on a large scale. Upto December 1995, Indian firms raised US$ 5,180 million through 64 issues of GDRs FCCBs. During 1995-96, seven Euro issues, all in the form of GDR were made which together raised $652 million. To date, 47 GDR issues have taken place, which raised $3,856 million, and 11 ECB issues which raised $998 million.  [25] GDRs have proved to be a rather efficient way for attracting foreign investment. Numerous companies ranging from Infosys to State Bank of India have started issuing GDRs in order to expand their share capital base. It is quite noteworthy that all such companies have received extraordinary response and have fared more than satisfactorily. There are now 20 Indian companies listed in London, ranging from large capitalisation companies such as GAIL and State Bank of India to smal ler technology and services companies. Another 15 Indian companies have listed elsewhere in Europe but in the absence of any trading in the location where they listed have been admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange.  [26]  The recent inclusion in the London Stock Exchange are the UTI Bank, which raised over $250 million in March 2005, and Srei Infrastructure Finance, which came to the market with a $35 million offering in April 2005.  [27]  Vedanta Resources have till date been the most successful company trading in GDRs which raised US$ 1 billion in 2003 by an initial public offer. Amongst the latest companies intending to issue GDRs, Bharat Forge has come up with a proposal in April 2005. Bharat Forge will raise $100 million through Global Depository Receipts and $120 million through Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCBs). The GDRs represent one equity share of the paid-up value of Rs. 10 and were priced at $27.50 each, the company informed the Bombay S tock Exchange.  [28] 2.4: THE PROPOSED BHARTI MTN MERGER AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INDIAN ECONOMY The talks between the Bharti Airtel Group and MTN are very significant from the perspective of GDRs since some significant developments in this instrument were witnessed in the backdrop of the proposed merger. The deal was structured in a manner such that the Bharti Group would acquire 49% of MTN while MTN would hold 36% of Bharti. MTN itself would acquire a 25% stake in Bharti with its shareholders directly acquiring the remaining 11%. The 36% total acquired by MTN would be in the form of GDRs with voting rights. The primary issue in the proposed merger was whether the acquisition of 36% of the shares of the Bharti Group in the form of GDRs with voting rights would trigger various obligations under the SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 1997.  [29]  On July 7, 2009 SEBI published its informal guidance in the matter pertaining to the proposed merger and addressed these issues. The Takeover Regulations lay two primary obligations upon the a cquirer; (i) to make an open offer to the other shareholders when the acquisition exceeds 15% of the total, and (ii) to make certain disclosures when the acquisition crosses certain threshold limits that have been predefined, e.g. 5%, 14% etc. MTN was scheduled to acquire 36% of Bharti not in the form of shares but in the form of GDRs with voting rights. SEBI opined that GDR holders would be required to make an open offer only when they converted their GDRs with voting rights into shares thereby exceeding their holding beyond 15%. There was consequently no requirement for an automatic open offer upon purchase of GDRs with voting rights in excess of 15% of the total equity of the company. SEBI quoted Reg. 3(2) of the Takeover Regulations to support its case which read: Nothing contained in Chapter III of the regulations shall apply to the acquisition of Global Depository Receipts or American Depository Receipts so long as they are not converted into shares carrying voting right s. As far as disclosures were concerned however, SEBI quoted Chapter II of the Regulations to infer that the exemption that applies to an open offer does not apply. Furthermore, Reg. 2(k) of the Takeover Regulations includes any security which would entitle the holder to receive shares with voting rights. SEBI believed that since GDRs can be converted into shares with voting rights, they would also fall within the ambit of this definition. SEBI thus concluded that all disclosure requirements that apply to shares would be applicable to GDRs as well. However, SEBI amended the Takeover Regulations on September 22, 2009 and brought ADRs/GDRs on par with domestic shares. If an entity holds 15% of a company through GDRs, then he is required to make a mandatory open offer to buy an additional 20% equity in the company. CHAPTER III REGULATION OF ADRs AND GDRs IN INDIA The Central Government, in 1993 first introduced these systems in India. In all countries which allow issue of ADRs/GDRs have some sort of regulation mechanism in place. In India, the Securities and Exchange Board of India and the Reserve Bank of India mainly through schemes, policies, rules and guidelines regulate ADRs and GDRs. FCCBs issued against GDRs are treated as foreign direct investment in the issuing company.  [30] 3.1: RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON ADRs AND GDRs The issuing companies have to act within certain parameters set by the central government. These limitations restrict the scope within which companies have to act; however, these guidelines are rather liberally constructed. In order to get an appropriate permission for issuing GDRs/FCCBs, companies shall require having a good track record for a period of three years.  [31]  However, this track record requirement was dispensed with subsequently.  [32]  The cumulative of foreign investment in an issuing company, both direct and indirect, cannot exceed 51% of the issued and subscribed capital of the company.  [33]  Investments in stock markets and real estate are however, not acceptable. However since GDRs/ADRs are equity instruments and there is no repayment liability on the issuing company. Unlike a commercial borrowing or a foreign currency convertible bond which carries a repayment liability on the company, GDRs/ADRs are full risk equity. It has therefore been decid ed that all end-use restrictions on GDR/ADR issue proceeds be removed.  [34] 3.2: FURTHER RELAXATION OF ADR/GDR NORMS The system of ADRs/GDRs in India are being constantly revised and reviewed. Certain technical difficulties have been restructured in order to ensure maximum flexibility in the system of such issuance. Issuing companies have lesser restrictions and are allowed to issue up to 100 percent of their share capital as ADRs/GDRs. However, foreign investors are still prohibited from investing in industries related to atomic energy, railways, mining, coal and arms and ammunitions. Certain other regulations that have been relaxed are as follows: Indian bidders allowed to raise funds through ADRs, GDRs and external commercial borrowings (ECBs) for acquiring shares of PSEs in the first stage and buying shares from the market during the open offer in the second stage. Conversion and reconversion (a.k.a. two-way conversion or fungibility) of shares of Indian companies into depository receipts listed in foreign bourses, while extending tax incentives to non-resident investors, allowed. Th e re-coversion of ADRs/GDRs would, however, be governed by the Foreign Exchange Management Act notified by the Reserve Bank of India in March 2001. Permission to retain ADR/GDR proceeds abroad for future foreign exchange requirements, removal of the existing limit of $20,000 for remittance under the employees stock option scheme (ESOP) and permitting remittance up to $ 1 million from proceeds of sales of assets here. Companies have been allowed to invest 100 per cent of the proceeds of ADR/GDR issues (as against the earlier ceiling of 50%) for acquisitions of foreign companies and direct investments in joint ventures and wholly-owned subsidiaries overseas. Any Indian company which has issued ADRs/GDRs may acquire shares of foreign companies engaged in the same area of core activity upto $100 million or an amount equivalent to ten times of their exports in a year, whichever is higher. Earlier, this facility was available only to Indian companies in certain sectors. FIIs c an invest in a company under the portfolio investment route upto 24 per cent of the paid-up capital of the company. It can be increased to 40% with approval of general body of the shareholders by a special resolution. This limit has now been increased to 49% from the present 40%. Two way fungibility in ADR/GDR issues of Indian companies has been introduced subject to sectoral caps wherever applicable. Stock brokers in India can now purchase shares and deposit these with the Indian custodian for issue of ADRs/GDRs by the overseas depository to the extent of the ADRs/GDRs that have been converted into underlying shares.  [35] CONCLUSION The Indian economy is one of the largest in the world and its growth rate is one of the highest in the group of developing nations, next only to China. The economic problems of India are multifaceted and emerge from several social, political and regional considerations. The progress made by the Indian economy averages out to be much less that the actual empirical change since the overwhelming population pressure defeats such economic progress. However, Indian industry and corporate gurus have taken India into the 21st Century with much to celebrate about. The process of liberalization of the Indian economy was acknowledged by the international community and India was instantly accepted as one of the significant players of the global markets. The pace at which the international businesses of many Indian companies are growing in some cases, far outpacing growth in India may mean for some companies that international operations can in future be financed more efficiently if they are capitalised separately from the parent company in India.  [36] Yet, there still exist some internal mechanisms which need to be modified in order to ensure a more hassle free transaction in the market. While India is opening up to foreign direct investment, individuals and institutions still have to register as foreign investors with the Securities and Exchange Board before they can buy stocks directly on Indias exchanges. Most individuals will likely find the red tape too daunting to cut; ex-pat Indians, however, have it easier because the government is encouraging such repatriation of capital.  [37] Although India has faced strong criticism from various countries regarding its internal policies and the complications in regulations, the prospect of investing in India is rather lucrative and therefore, Indian ADRs and GDRs globally have achieved a rather elevated status. India, among the European investors, is believed to be a good investment despite political uncertainty, bureaucratic hassles, shortages of power and infrastructural deficiencies. India presents a vast potential for overseas investment and is actively encouraging the entrance of foreign players into the market. No company, of any size, aspiring to be a global player can, for long ignore this country which is expected to become one of the top three emerging economies.  [38]

Business Description Of Linear Technology Corporation

1. Business Description: Linear Technology Corporation (â€Å"LLTC† or the â€Å"Company†), headquartered in Milpitas, California, was founded in 1981 by Robert Swanson. LLTC designs, manufactures, and markets a broad line of analog integrated circuits (â€Å"IC†) (semiconductors) worldwide. LLTC’s linear circuits are used in various electronic applications, such as cellular telephones, digital cameras, complex medical devices, and navigation systems. LLTC focuses on the analog segment in the semiconductor industry and has moderate-to-high exposure in the communications industry and computer industry, which, in 2002, accounted for 33% and 27% of LLTC’s total sales, respectively. The automotive industry accounted for 6%, and the remaining 34% was spread across various industries. LLTC’s customer base is well-diversified and no single customer accounts for even 5% of its business. The capital investment in the analog IC industry is modest. The cost of a new anal og fabrication facility (â€Å"fabs†) is approximately $200 million, substantially lower than the cost of a digital fab built by Intel, which can be as high as $2 billion. Once built, the useful life of analog fabs can be over 10 years, while digital fabs often become obsolete in three to five years. Research and development (â€Å"RD†) is also modest as observed in the fact that LLTC’s RD peaked at $102 million in 2001 . Financial Performance Earnings: LLTC had constantly grown sales, gross profits, and net income every year untilShow MoreRelatedlinear models of innovation are poorly suited to todays business environment1654 Words   |  7 Pagesby people in the market. And linear models of innovation are a description of innovation process. It is a unidirectional, incremental process from basic science, applied science, design or engineering, manufacturing to marketing. To linear models, knowledge flow is very simple in the process of innovation. 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The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman - 854 Words

Lost to the yellow Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, is about the internal struggle and confinement of a nameless woman. This woman confesses she is indeed not well and that her husband, John, who is a physician, diagnoses her with nervous depression. The treatment of said nervousness is where the story’s conflict arises. John decides his wife needs solitude in order to recover. He believes this solace will be found in an estate he rented. The narrator’s ultimate insanity is prompted by the isolation, denial, and self-judgment that she is forced into by her husband. John makes the decision to rent an isolated house for a few months to give his wife space to recover. The woman is aware that this isolation and continual rest will not to do her any good. Despite her lack of faith in John’s recovery plan, she submits to his firm advice and stays within the house. Instead of allowing outside stimulus to help with her condition, she begins to obsess with the objects in her room, especially the horrid yellow wallpaper. She journals, â€Å"When you follow the lame uncertain curves [of the wallpaper] for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide - plunge off at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions† (Gilman 309). This statement foreshadows her impending insanity and the destructiveness of isolation. Not only is she isolated physically, but also mentally and verbally. Paula A. Treichler, from University of Illinois, claims, â€Å"Because sheShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman885 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a stigma around mental illness and feminism. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in the 1900’s. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has many hidden truths within the story. 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Hospital Management System Free Essays

KOFORIDUA POLYTECHNIC PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY AT POLYTECHNIC CLINIC, KOFORIDUA) FOR HND COMPUTER NETWORK MANAGEMENT STUDENT’S NAME: WESONO FELIX 04/2010/582D DITSA, JONAS CUDJOE 04/2010/561D DATE: 6TH MARCH, 2013 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT AWARD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TENTATIVE TITLE (OR FINAL TITLE): †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ APPROVED BY HEAD OF DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Management System or any similar topic only for you Order Now APPROVED BY DEAN, SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Signature Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT Hospital administrators are often overwhelmed with information about a bulky number of patients and their stays to the hospital that need to be organized and kept up-to-date. The patient management system is a web based application that is designed and developed for hospital administrators and doctors to organize information on patient visits. The system intends to facilitate several steps in the process from the patient registration and to the patient evaluation. During this process, there will be many tasks that have to be handled by this system including maintaining complete information. The main objective of the system is to provide the administration staff and doctors with an easily maintainable information system for patient registration, visit scheduling and patient tracking with latest information. 1. 2. OBJECTIVES The main objectives for establishing this project is to solve the problem notified in the research. The objectives are outlined as follows: I. To improve patient’s registration II. To increase level of patient management III. To improve on patient records keeping IV. To assign doctors to patients V. Doctor Management VI. Bed/Room Management VII. Doctors can update the patient’s record with their observations 1. 3. PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT In a given day, number of patients visits a hospital or a clinic. Many hospitals in Ghana still manage the patient data manually. Hospitals will be able to save money and time if they have a good software program for managing patient’s data. The idea is to develop web based patient management software that can be used to keep track of the patients registering in a hospital or clinic. Doctors and the rooms available in a hospital can be managed using this system. Also, this system should support accessing the previous visit histories of any patient, search for patients by name etc. A few points to be noted about the system we are developing here * A patient can be categorized as â€Å" In patient† or â€Å"Out Patient†. If patient type is â€Å"In Patient†, a bed will be assigned to the patient. * A doctor will be assigned to each patient before the patient meets the doctor. Only one doctor can be assigned to a patient at a given time. * A patient can visit the hospital any number of times The project has been planned to be having the view of distributed architecture, with centralized storage of the database. The application for the storage of the data has been planned. Using the constructs of MS-SQL Server and all the user interfaces have been designed using the ASP. Net technologies. The database connectivity is planned using the â€Å"SQL Connection† methodology. The standards of security and data protective mechanism have been given a big choice for proper usage. The application takes care of different modules and their associated reports, which are produced as per the applicable strategies and standards that are put forwarded by the administrative staff. The entire project has been developed keeping in view of the distributed client server computing technology, in mind. The specification has been normalized up to 3NF to eliminate all the anomalies that may arise due to the database transaction that are executed by the general users and the organizational administration. The user interfaces are browser specific to give distributed accessibility for the overall system. The internal database has been selected as MS-SQL server 200. The basic constructs of table spaces, clusters and indexes have been exploited to provide higher consistency and reliability for the data storage. The MS-SQL server 200 was a choice as it provides the constructs of high-level reliability and security. The total front end was dominated using the ASP. Net technologies. At all proper levels high care was taken to check that the system manages the data consistency with proper business rules or validations. The database connectivity was planned using the latest â€Å"SQL Connection† technology provided by Microsoft Corporation. The authentication and authorization was crosschecked at all the relevant stages. The user level accessibility has been restricted into two zones namely. . 4. PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM * Cannot Upload and Download the latest updates. * No use of Web Services and Remoting. * Risk of mismanagement of data when the project is under development. * Less Security. * No proper coordination between different Applications and Users. * Fewer Users – Friendly. 1. 5. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS The development of the new system contains the following activi ties, which try to automate the entire process keeping in view of the database integration approach. 1. User friendliness is provided in the application with various controls. 2. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. 3. Readily upload the latest updates, allows user to download the alerts by clicking the URL. 4. There is no risk of data mismanagement at any level while the project development is under process. 5. It provides high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 6. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This chapter is on the related literature of the study and tries to place the study into its theoretical framework. It explores fields of related theories of the study which will serve as the basis for monitoring patients and their records. There is a lot of similar software in the market, example hospital management system which also function the same but it is very complex to use (non-user friendly) and requires a degree of training and expertise before one can use it. With the PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM, everything is flexible and more user friendly with a high level of security with different level of authentication. 1. 8. BUDGET The budget of the research study will be: ACTIVITY| DURATION| INPUTS/ITEMS REQUIRED| COSTGH| Research| One (1) week| A – 4 paper (3 Rims), laptop| 20. 0| Interviews| One (1)week| | 10. 00| Interface Designer| Five (5 )Days | A- 4 sheets| 10. 00| Data Analysis| One (1)week| | 15. 00| Coding| Two (2) weeks| | 10. 00| Printing Photocopying| One (1) weeks| A- 4 sheets| 30. 00| Binding | Three (3)Days| | 15. 00| Preparation of final Study Report| Three (3) weeks| | 50. 00| | | SUB TOTAL| 160. 00| | | | | | | TOTAL| 170. 00| | | | | 1. 9. TIMELINE This project is going to be undertaken in two months two weeks to finish the project (PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM). How to cite Hospital Management System, Essay examples

International Business for Transnational - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business for Transnational Corporations. Answer: International business can help the sub-Saharan African countries in having positive growth of their economy along with reducing the rate of poverty. This is due to the fact that these African regions are resource rich with having abundance of natural resources. Thus, attracting the global organizations in tapping these resources will not be difficult. Thus, with the initiation of the utilization of these resources, the export will get increased, which in turn enhance the foreign reserves with these countries. These foreign reserves can be used in create favorable infrastructure for the business organizations to operate in these countries. Hence, with having rich natural resources and favorable infrastructure for business, more global organization will come in these countries (Taylor Thrift, 2013). It will help to increase the gross domestic production of these countries. With having inflow of business organizations, the rate of employment will get increase and thus the economy of t hese countries will also get increased. Moreover, with the increase in the rate of export, governments will have more funds to spend on the social welfare, which will also enhance the national economy. International business will also help to initiate rapid industrialization in these countries. With having more people get employed and increasing the purchasing power, the market potential will also get increased, which will in turn further attract more global organizations to start their operational facilities in these countries (Jenkins, 2013). Domestic industries will also thrive with having the inflow of international technologies and capital. Thus, this holistic approach of international business will help to enhance the economy of these countries along with enhancing the social welfare. On the other hand, international business will also help to optimally utilize the natural resources in these countries. With the empowerment of the common people due to international business, the poverty will also get reduced. Reference Jenkins, R. (2013). Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development (RLE International Business): The Internationalization of Capital and the Third World. Taylor, M., Thrift, N. (2013). Multinationals and the Restructuring of the World Economy (RLE International Business): The Geography of the Multinationals (Vol. 2).

Elasticity free essay sample

Elasticity of demand is the measure of consumer response to a change whether an increase or decrease in price. There are three categories that the response of the consumer can be grouped into: elastic, inelastic and unit elasticity. The calculation is relatively simple and the answer or the coefficient will be compared to the number 1. This number will always be positive and if our calculation gives us a negative number we take the absolute value. We divide the percent of change in demand by the percent change in price. For example if the price of milk went up 10 % and the change in demand went down by 1% we would divide . 10 by . 01. This would give us an answer of . 1. Given that . 1 is less than 1 we know that the good, in this case milk, would be inelastic. This means that over the short run price does not have a high impact on demand. If we were to look at a different good or service we may see different results. We will write a custom essay sample on Elasticity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example if the price of movie tickets increased by 10% and the demand decreased by 20% we would apply the same calculation. We would need to divide . 20 by . 1 which would give us a coefficient of 2. 2 is greater than 1 so we can say that this good falls into the category of being elastic. Although rare the third category that a good or service can fall into is called unit elasticity. Unit elasticity is when the percent change in price is equal to the percent change in demand. For example if the cost of books increased by 10 percent and the demand decreased by 10 percent then when we divided . 1 by. 1 we would get an answer of 1. When this happens we know that this item has unit elasticity. B. Cross price elasticity helps us determine the relationship between two different products. We calculate this by dividing the percent change in demand for product Y by the percent change of price in product X. This calculation will help us identify whether the products are substitute or complementary goods. Unlike our calculation for Elasticity of demand we compare our answer here to the number zero. We use both positive and negative numbers. If we were to compare movie tickets which had a 5 percent increase in price to popcorn which had a 10 % decrease in demand we would calculate this by dividing . 05 by -. 1 we get an answer of -2. This of course is less than zero so we know that these two products are categorized as complementary. C. Income elasticity is the measure of demand changes in comparison with the change in personal income. This will help us categorize products into two categories inferior and superior goods. This is also measure up against zero and allows for both positive and negative values. The calculation is done by dividing the percent change in demand of a specific product by the percent change in income. As an example if we were to see how consumers respond to a 10 percent increase in relation to demand for high definition televisions. If we were to suppose demand increased by 5 per cent we would calculate this by dividing . 05 by. 1 which would result in an answer of . 5. We know this item would be considered a normal or superior good since our answer is a positive number. If we were to look at the demand of DVD players in relation to a 10 percent increase in personal income and we have a 25 percent decrease in demand we would divide -. 25 by . 1 which would result in an answer of -2. 5. Since this number is less than zero we would categorize this product as an inferior good. D. Lets refer back to our earlier example using red and green grapes. When we performed our calculation we discovered â€Å"Availability of Substitutes† exists for red grapes. This means that there are options for substitutes that consumers find acceptable. If we go to Safe way and see that red grapes are 3 dollars more than green grapes it is reasonable to choose the green grapes. Since there are available substitutes that are easily accessible this keeps demand elastic E. â€Å"Proportion of Income Devoted to a Good† is a concept that looks at the percent of personal income that is dedicated to a particular good or service. We have been dealing with change in percentage so price can changes can appear equal but that can have significant impact depending on what the proportion of income is. F. For example each month I pay for my Netflix subscription. For this discussion let’s say it represents 1 percent of my income. I also pay 1600 dollars a month in rent each month. If both of these items were to experience a 10 percent price increase the impact would be very different. My Netflix would go from 10 to 12 dollars. This would be irritating but insignificant. My rent however, would go from 1600 to 1920 a month. This would be unsustainable for me to maintain. Over the short term I would more than likely have limited options such as first and last month saved etc. so I may get a roommate but over the long run I would have time to choose a more reasonably priced place to live that met my needs. Demand becomes more elastic over the long run because consumers have time to â€Å"shop around† and find other solutions. G. The price range the areas on the demand curve where demand is elastic is between $80 and $50 and the qty is between 1 and 4. The price range where the demand is unit elastic is between$50 and $40 and the qty is between 4 and 5. The area of the demand cure where demand is inelastic is between $40 and $0 dollars and the quantity is between 5 and 9. We can determine this one of two ways. First is by using the calculation we discussed earlier for elasticity of demand. Second would be to use the Total Revenue Test. When demand is elastic price will decrease while revenue increases. When demand is unit elastic price will decrease however revenue will remain the same. When demand becomes inelastic price will decrease as well as revenue.

How to Write an APA Essay Online Sample

How to Write an APA Essay Online SampleThere are two basic ways to learn how to write an APA essay online sample. The first is to attend a class on the topic and take a test at the end of the semester. In the course of taking the APA test, you will have many opportunities to practice what you learned by answering questions on your own time. You can submit your essay to a journal that rates and publishes essay samples.Online colleges often publish these assignments as well. One of the most widely accepted online colleges is Kaplan University. They have an excellent selection of online courses and an entire online college dedicated to teaching you how to write an APA essay online sample.Most online colleges will have some kind of writing sample that will be appropriate for an APA essay online sample. Kaplan University has a written composition class that you can take in your free time, along with other courses that focus on writing for the APA exam. Some of these courses are for all st udents, some are just for non-specialized students who want to improve their writing.This is the most popular way to take the APA essay online sample, because the material is typically easy to read easily. There are many resources available to help you improve the style of your essay and to help you learn how to structure a good argument for each point you make. You should have some basic knowledge of logic and good writing before you attempt this assignment.You can also use a sample test as a preparation for this kind of paper. Kaplan University offers several different tests that you can take for free, with no risk involved. These tests range from brief essays to longer academic papers that cover the topics you will be writing on in your class.You can do any of these things on your online college. The only difference is that these types of online colleges are usually smaller than larger online colleges. But the lack of larger buildings with classrooms does not mean that you will n ot get the same benefits from these online college courses as you would from a traditional campus course.You do not have to sacrifice all of the advantages of a larger online college to use the format of a smaller college for your APA essay online sample. You can still take advantage of all of the resources that the larger online college offers to those who are just looking to study. In fact, it might be a good idea to pay attention to the smaller online colleges first if you are already enrolled in a larger college.For those who are considering applying to a large online college, consider taking an essay writing sample first. The student handbook may provide tips on how to choose the right essay sample for you, as well as helpful suggestions for your paper. When you are ready to take your next APA essay online sample, start off by preparing for your composition test, and then begin writing.

What made the Industrial Revolution revolutionary free essay sample

What made the Industrial revolution a revolution or revolutionary? † According to Dictionary. com, one definition of a revolution is â€Å"a sudden, complete or marked change of something. † Another definition provided on the site is â€Å"an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed. † Both of these definitions can be applied, at least in part, to the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution was quite different from the other revolutions mentioned in the textbook (Chapter 28), however. The American Revolution took place in the 1770’s and 1780’s when colonists finally dissociated from British rule. The colonists were being taxed due to British debt. They were unhappy with the taxes and trade regulations and boycotted British goods. Lives were lost in battles such as the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and in Lexington in 1775. The Constitution was established granting the new Americans with the rights and freedoms they felt they were not getting from British Parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on What made the Industrial Revolution revolutionary? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They ultimately made a change by fighting to end the British rule over the colonies so that a new government could be established. The industrial revolution was not about battling a government to overthrow it. The industrial revolution was a massive change that had global effects. The industrial revolution ultimately began as Britain switched from wood power to coal power. Deforestation resulted in dwindling resources of wood and the British found that coal was much more abundant. Many inventions of the time impacted the industrial revolution positively. As coal became the ideal source of energy, more coal powered machines were invented. The steam engine, which was designed by James Watt in 1765, burned coal. Ultimately, the use of it became widespread and efficiency was increased. This lead to the invention of the steam powered locomotive in 1815 by George Stephenson. Transportation of goods was suddenly much more practical. The demand for cheap cotton increased and as demand increased, the efficiency needed to increase as well. John Kay invented the flying shuttle, which according to Encyclopedia Britannica, was a device that was mounted on wheels and allowed weavers to weave wider fabrics more quickly than by hand. This invention in 1733 was followed by the invention of the spinning mule in 1779 by Samuel Crompton and the water driven power loom in 1785. Factories also made the production of goods much more efficient. The increased efficiency of the production and transportation of goods lead to a change in the lifestyle of many Europeans and Americans between 1700 and 1900. Populations grew as the standard of living became higher. Children (as well as adults) thrived as poverty decreased, as food became affordable and sanitation was improved. People began to migrate and urbanization occurred. People left the country to move to the cities where factor jobs were attainable. The general way of living changed completely for most Americans and Europeans. The typical American was no longer a farmer living in poverty but instead a factory worker living in the city. In middle class families, men became the main, and sometimes sole, provider for the family. Women stayed home to raise the children and do housework rather than work alongside their husbands as many did prior. Although there were no battles or overthrowing of a government, the way of life changed drastically, arguably more drastically than life had changed for colonists after the American Revolution. People and governments adapted to the industrial demands, much like how colonists changed their government in response to British taxation. The first definition provided may best fit the Industrial Revolution as it was a complete change of the way of life.

Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essays

Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essays Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essay Minimum Quantity Lubrication Essay ABSTRACT Metal cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. Typically, in the machining of hardened steel materials, no cutting fluid is applied in the interest of low cutting forces and low environmental impacts. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for hard machining with respect to tool wear, heat dissertation, and machined surface quality. This study compares the mechanical performance of minimum quantity lubrication to completely dry lubrication for the turning of hardened bearing-grade steel materials based on experimental measurement of cutting forces, tool temperature, white layer depth, and part finish. The results indicate that the use of minimum quantity lubrication leads to reduced surface roughness delayed tool flank wear, and lower cutting temperature, while also having a minimal effect on the cutting forces. Minimum quantity lubrication. doc (Size: 2. 7 MB / Downloads: 63) password:seminarprojects CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The growing demand for higher productivity, product quality and overall economy in manufacturing by machining and grinding, particularly to meet the challenges thrown by liberalization and global cost competitiveness, insists high material removal rate and high stability and long life of the cutting tools. But high production machining and grinding with high cutting velocity, feed and depth o f cut are inherently associated with generation of large amount of heat and high cutting temperature. Such high cutting temperature not only reduces dimensional accuracy and tool life but also impairs the surface integrity of the product. In high speed machining conventional cutting fluid application fails to penetrate the chip–tool interface and thus cannot remove heat effectively. Addition of extreme pressure additives in the cutting fluids does not ensure penetration of coolant at the chip–tool interface to provide lubrication and cooling . However ,high-pressure jet of soluble oil, when applied at the chip–tool interface, could reduce cutting temperature and improve tool life to some extent . However, the advantages caused by the cutting fluids have been questioned lately, due to the several negative effectsthey cause. When inappropriately handled, cutting fluids may damage soil and water resources, causing serious loss to the environment. Therefore, the handling and disposal of cutting fluids must obey rigid rules of environmental protection. On the shop floor, the machine operators may be affected by thebad effects of cutting fluids, such as by skin and breathing problems For the companies, the costs related to cutting fluids represent a large amount of the total machining costs. Several research workers state that the costs related to cutting fluids are frequently higher than those related to cutting tools. Consequently, elimination on the use of cutting fluids, if possible, can be a significant economic incentive. Considering the high cost associated with the use of cutting fluids and projected escalating costs when the stricter environmental laws are enforced, the choice seems obvious. Because of them some alternatives has been sought to minimize or even avoid the use of cutting fluid in machining operations. Some of these alternatives are dry machining and machining with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Dry machining is now of great interest and actually, they meet with success in the field of environmentally friendly manufacturing . In reality, however, they are sometimes less effective when higher machining efficiency, better surface finish quality and severe cutting conditions are required. For these situations, semi-dry operations utilizing very small amount of cutting fluids are expected to become a powerful tool and, in fact, they already play a significant role in a number of practical applications . inimum quantity lubrication (MQL) refers to the use of cutting fluids of only a minute amount- typically of a flow rate of 50–500 ml/h which is about three to four orders of magnitude lower than the amount commonly used in flood cooling condition. The concept of minimum quantity lubrication, sometimes referred to as near dry lubrication or micro-lubrication , has been sugges ted since a decade ago as a mean of addressing the issues of environmental intrusiveness and occupational hazards associated with the airborne cutting fluid particles on factory shop floors. The minimization of cutting fluid also leads to economical benefits by way of saving lubricant costs and work piece/tool/machine cleaning cycle time. Significant progress has been made in dry and semidry machining recently, and minimum quantity lubrication(MQL) machining in particular has been accepted as a successful semi-dry application because of its environmentally friendly characteristics. Some good results have been obtained with this technique . Lugscheider et al. sed this technique in reaming process of gray cast iron and aluminum alloy with coated carbide tools and concluded that it caused a reduction of tool wear when compared with the completely dry process and, consequently, an improvement in the surface quality of the holes. The drilling of aluminum–silicon alloys is one of those processes where dry cutting is impossible due to the high ductility of the work piece material. Without cooling and lubrication, the chip sticks to the tool and breaks it in a very short cutting time. There fore, in this process a good alternative is the use of the MQL technique The present work experimentally investigates the role of minimum quantity lubrication on cutting temperature, chip reduction coefficient and dimensional deviation in plain turning of AISI-1040 steel at different speed-feed combinations by uncoated carbide insert and compares the effectiveness of MQL with that of dry machining and conventional cutting fluid. CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND PROCEDURE For the present experimental studies, AISI-1040 steel rod of initial diameter 110mm and length 620mm was plain turned in a BMTF Lathe, Bangladesh, 4 hp by uncoated carbide insert of integrated chip breaker geometry at different speed-feed combinations under dry, wet and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions to study the role of MQL on the machinability characteristics of that work material mainly in respect of cutting temperature, chip reduction coefficient and dimensional deviation. The experimental conditions are given in Table 1. Machine tool BMTF Lathe, Bangladesh, 4 hp Work piece AISI-1040 steel (size: O110mm? 620 mm) Cutting tool (insert) Cutting insert Carbide, SNMM 120408 (P-30 ISOspecification), Drillco Tool holder PSBNR 2525M12(ISO specification), Working tool geometry ? 6? , ? 6? , 6? , 6? , 15? , 75? , 0. 8 (mm) Cutting velocity, Vc 64, 80, 110 and 130 m/min Feed rate, So 0. 10, 0. 13, 0. 16 and 0. 20 mm/rev Depth of cut, t 1. 0mm MQL supply: Air 7 bar, Lubricant: 60 ml/h (throughexternal nozzle) Environment: Dry, wet (flood cooling) and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) Table2. 1 Experimental conditions The ranges of the cutting velocity (Vc) and feed rate (So) were selected based on the tool manufacturer’s recommendation and industrial practices. The depth of cut was kept constant since it has much less significant role on the machining characteristics excepting the magnitude of the cutting forces, which simply increase proportionally with the increase in depth of cut. The MQL needs to be supply at high pressure and impinged at high speed through the nozzle at the cutting zone. Considering the conditions required for the present work and uninterrupted supply of MQL at constant pressure over a reasonably long cut, a MQL delivery system has been designed, fabricated and used. The schematic view of the MQL set up is shown in Fig. 1. The thin but high velocity stream of MQL was projected along the auxiliary cutting edge of the insert, as indicated in a frame within Fig. 1, so that the coolant reaches as close to the chip–tool and the work–tool interfaces as possible . The photographic view of the experimental set-up is Figure 2. 1 Experimental setup Figure2. 1Block diagram of MQL The MQL jet has been used mainly to target the rake and flank surface along the auxiliary cutting edge and to protect the auxiliary flank to enable better dimensional accuracy . MQL is expected to provide some favorable effects mainly through reduction in cutting temperature. The simple but reliable tool–work thermocouple technique has been employed to measure the average cutting temperature during turning at different Vc–So combinations by the uncoated carbide insert under dry, wet and MQL conditions. For the present investigation, the calibration of the tool–work thermocouple has been carried out by external flame heating. The tool–work thermocouple junction was constructed using a long continuous chip of the concerned work material and a tungsten carbide insert to be used in actual cutting. To avoid generation of parasitic emf, a long carbide rod was used to extend the insert. A standard K-type thermocouple is mounted at the site of tool–work junction. The oxy-acetylenetorch simulated the heat generation phenomena in machining and raised the temperature at the chip–tool interface. Standard thermocouple directly monitored the junction temperature when a digital multimeter monitored the emf generated by the hot junction of the chip–tool. The effect of MQL on average chip–tool interface temperature at different Vc and So under dry, wet and MQL conditions is shown in Fig. 3. The chip samples collected while turning the steel by the insert of configuration SNMM at different Vc–So combinations under dry, wet and MQL condition have been visually examined and categorized with respect to their shape and color. The result of such categorization of the chips produced at different conditions and environments by the AISI-1040 steel. The actual forms of the chips produced during machining the steel with a cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 6 mm/rev under dry, wet and MQL conditions is shown in Fig. 4. Another important machinability index is chip reduction coefficient, ? (ratio of chip thickness after and before cut). For given tool geometry and cutting conditions, the value of ? depends upon the nature of chip–tool interaction, chip contact length and chip form all of which are expected to be influenced by MQL in addition to the levels of Vc and So. The variation in value of ? with Vc and So as well as machining environment evaluated for AISI-1040 steel have been plotted and shown in Fig. 5. The deviations in the job diameter before and after cuts were measured by a precision dial gauge with a least count of 1_m, which was traveled parallel to the axis of the job . MQL provided remarkable benefit in respect of controlling the increase in diameter of the finished job with machining time as can be seen in Fig. 6. Fig. 3. Variations in average chip–tool interface temperature with cutting velocity and feed rate during turning under dry, wet and MQL conditions CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During machining any ductile materials, heat is generated at the primary eformation zone, secondary deformation zone and the flank (clearance) surfaces, but the temperature becomes maximum at the chip–tool interface. The cutting temperature measured in the present work r efers mainly to the average chip–tool interface temperature. Any cutting fluid applied conventionally cannot reduce this chip–tool interface temperature effectively because the fluid can hardly penetrate into that the interface where the chip–tool contact is mostly plastic in nature particularly at higher cutting velocity and feed. However, MQL jet could have reduced the cutting temperature quite significantly though in different degrees for different cutting velocity and feed combinations as can be seen in Fig. 3. The presence of the grooves along the cutting edges and the hills on the tool rake surface and reduced chip–tool contact length may have helped the MQL jet to come closer to the chip–tool interface and thus effectively cool that interface. The difference in the effectiveness of MQL observed under different Vc and So can be reasonably attributed to variation in the nature and extent of chip–tool contact with the changes in Vc and So. The pattern of chips in machining ductile metals generally depend upon the mechanical properties of the work material, tool geometry particularly rake angle, levels of Vc and So, nature of chip–tool interaction and the cutting environment . In absence of chip breaker, length and uniformity of chips increase with the increase in ductility and softness of the work material, tool rake angle and cutting velocity unless thechip–tool interaction is adverse causing intensive friction and built-up edge formation. Table 3. Shape and co lour of chips at different vc and so condition It shows that the steel when machined under dry and wet conditions produced spiral type chips and the color of the chips become blue. The geometry of the insert is such that the chips first came out continuously got curled along normal plane and then hitting at the principal flank of the insert broke into pieces with regular size and shape. When machined under MQL the form of these ductile chips chang e appreciably into more or less half turn and their back surface appeared much brighter and smoother. This indicates hat the amount of reduction of temperature and presence of MQL enabled favorable chip–tool interaction and elimination of even trace of built-up edge formation. The color of the chips have also become much lighter, i. e. metallic from blue depending upon Vc and So due to reduction in cutting temperature by MQL. The actual forms of chips produced during turning at cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 16 mm/rev under dry, wet and MQL condition as can be seen in Fig. 4. Figure 3. 1 shape of chips at different condition Fig. 4. Actual forms of chips produced during turning at cutting velocity 110 m/min and feed 0. 6 mm/rev under (a) dry, (b) wet and  © MQL conditions. Almost all the parameters involved in machining have direct and indirect influence on the thickness of the chips during deformation. The degree of chip thickening which is assessed by chip reducti on coefficient, ? plays sizeable role on cutting forces and hence on cutting energy requirements and cutting temperature. Fig. 5 shows that MQL has reduced the value of ? particularly at lower values of Vc and So. Figure. 3. 2. Variation in chip reduction coefficient, ? , with cutting velocity and feed rate during turning under dry, wet and MQL conditions. By MQL application, ? s reasonably expected to decrease for reduction in friction at the chip–tool interface and reduction in deterioration of effective rake angle by built-up edge formation and wear of the cutting edge mainly due to reduction in cutting temperature . MQL provided remarkable benefit in respect of controlling the increase in diameter of the finished job with machining time as can be seen in Fig. 6. Figure. 3. 3. Dimensional deviations observed after one full pass under dry, wet and MQL conditions In straight turning, the finished job diameter generally deviates from its desired value with the progress of mac hining, i. e. long the job-length mainly for change in the effective depth of cut due to several reasons which include wear of the tool nose, over all compliance of the machine–fixture–tool–work (M–F–T–W) system and thermal expansion of the job during machining followed by cooling. Therefore, if the M–F–T–W system is rigid, variation in diameter would be governed mainly by the heat and cutting temperature . With the increase in temperature the rate of growth of auxiliary flank wear and thermal expansion of the job will increase. MQL takes away the major portion of heat and reduces the temperature yielding reduction in dimensional deviation desirably CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present experimental investigation the following conclusions can be drawn: The cutting performance of MQL machining is better than that of conventional machining with flood cutting fluid supply. MQL provides the benefits mainly by reducing the cutting temperature, which improves the chip–tool interaction and maintains sharpness of the cutting edges. Due to MQL, the form and color of the steel chips became favorable for more effective cooling and improvements in nature of interaction at the chip–tool interface. 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